Expenditure patterns on food and non food items of Khayelitsha households,Western Cape,South Africa

Food insecurity or lack of access to adequate and nutritious food is a major determinant of under‐nutrition. Expenditure patterns accompanied by unemployment, low level of education, inflation and high food prices have a direct negative impact on food availability within households (Moller, 1997). Ghany and Schwenk (1993) found that as household income increases, the proportion of expenditures on food decreases, the proportion of expenditures on clothing, rent, fuel, and light stayed the same and that of sundries increased. The aim of this study was to investigate household expenditure patterns on food and non‐food items in Khayelitsha. A total of 20 households (10 from the formal and 10 from the informal settlements) were randomly selected from those willing to participate in the study. A questionnaire with open ended and closed questions was used to collect data. The questionnaire comprised four sections namely: biographical information, socio‐economic information which used wealth quintiles to assess households’ social economic status, total expenditure information and a food/hunger scale was used to assess households’ food availability. The findings revealed that households from informal settlements spent more money (62.2%) as a proportion of their income on food compared to households from the formal settlement (39%). There was higher unemployment rate (100%) at the informal settlement compared to the formal settlement (40%). Wealth quintiles scales did not reflect the social status of the households as equipment and assets owned by households were only used as fallback position during times of economic hardships. Households used different purchasing strategies; food and non‐food items were mainly purchased from outside the township (60%). Forty percent of the households bought their items from local shops and spazas because they allowed them to buy items whenever little money was available or to take items on credit. All the respondents preferred to buy bread and small items from spazas and local shops. Prices of items in the spazas and local shops were higher compared to prices of items in bigger shops outside the townships. The food/hunger scale and wealth quintiles showed that informal settlement households were more food insecure (as they were all unemployed and about 50% of the households ran out of food always) and had fewer assets compared to the formal settlement households. The implications of these findings underscore the need to improve socio‐economic conditions of low resource households through empowerment programs. These programs can be in the form of training in management/decision making, work related skills/literacy (to help them access formal employment), business management/income generation skills (to help them to be self‐employed), budgeting, and food gardening. This approach can help to increase the resource base and alleviate food insecurity in low resource households.     

Food expenditure patterns of working-wife families: Meals prepared away from home versus convenience foods

This paper investigates food expenditure patterns of working-wife families, focusing on the allocation of food dollars between two major time-saving options: meals prepared away from home and convenience foods. Data are drawn from the U.S. 1983 Consumer Expenditure Survey. Analysis of variance and regression techniques are used to compare expenditure patterns of families grouped by the wife's hours worked and her earnings. The findings suggest that working-wife families prefer the purchasing of meals prepared away from home to that of convenience foods. In particular, families with high-earning, full-time working wives buy the most meals prepared away from home, while the greatest expenditures on convenience foods are observed for families with moderate-earning working wives.     

Feast of Food,Full of Opportunities

The 3-day China International Food Industrial Fair ended on November 7 in Huangpu Town Zhongshan City.     

yunnan,South of the Clouds

Yunnan Province is the most southwest region of China bordering the countries of Vietnam,Laos,and Burma.Yunnan encompasses 394,000 square kilometers （152,084 square miles） and has a population of more than 42 million people.     

加入WTO后应大力发展绿色食品、有机食品和无公害食品

环境对绿色食品、有机食品和无公害食品具有影响,加入WTO后面临着发展机遇与挑战。为了 加快绿色食品、有机食品和无公害食品的发展,应大力培养绿色食品、有机食品和无公害食品的专业人 才及管理人才。     

Food Prices,Ethics and Forms of Speculation

Journal of Business Ethics - This paper examines the role of speculative motives in the determination of commodity prices and specifically food related commodity prices. The motivation for this...     

食品安全恐慌的危害、成因及对策

基于对食品安全恐慌内涵和特征的认识,本文重点从消费者、企业、政府三个视角分析食品安全恐慌的危害、成因和对策.     

食品中塑化剂的危害、检测与控制

塑化剂属于一种有毒的工业添加剂,国家规定严禁添加于食品中。另外,食品包装中的塑化剂也会将有毒物质带入食品中而产生迁移污染。近年来,由于经济利益的趋使,许多不法商家将塑化剂添加于食品中,进而引发许多食品安全风波。受到监管体制、检测标准、检测能力等的限制,塑化剂问题长期未能得到妥善解决。食品安全问题关乎国计民生,应引起高度重视,各部门协调配合,完善监管体系,利用创新科技,以确保食品安全。     

加强监督管理,提高食品添加剂生产质量

食品的安全问题一直都是世界各国所一直关注的问题。为了提高食品的美味程度以及颜色问题,食品添加剂行业已经大规模形成。但食品添加剂存在着违法,违规,超量或超范围使用以及标识不合规定等各种问题,给食品带来了安全隐患。对此我们可以从颁布法律法规,完善标准制度,以及加大宣传等方面加强食品添加剂的生产质量问题。     

Impacts of Competition on Food Production,Processing and Marketing

The concepts of perfect competition and competitiveness are commonly used by economists and business professionals to describe market behavior. To a large degree the use of these concepts are subjective and lack objective measures. Firms in a perfectly competitive industry are expected to operate where average revenues equal average costs at minimum cost, which implies that aggregate production elasticities are one. Agriculture and food processing were compared using Census data in order to measure whether or not this was true. Aggregate state data tended to confirm that production elasticities for these industries did tend to approach one, although some divergence existed. Impacts of competition indicated that value added returns were as low as 13 to 22 cents for meat and dairy processing, compared to 40 to 49 cents as an industry standard. Elasticity estimates indicated meat and dairy products were each relatively homogeneous products requiring national level marketing. Grains and fruits and vegetables, however, had marketing advantages because elasticities were divergent from one, indicating product differentiation in terms of end products and quality.     

大学生食品安全知识态度行为调查研究

了解大学生食品安全知识态度行为现状,为在校大学生食品安全宣传教育提供科学依据。采用随机抽样方法,对广州市某高校384名在校大学生进行问卷调查。结果显示,大学生食品安全知识知晓率不高,平均知晓率为57.5%;存在一定程度的认知不协调,食品专业学生食品安全知识得分显著高于非食品专业学生,但同样存在食品安全意识不强,不理性的消费习惯和行为。因此,高校应加强在校大学生的食品安全知识的宣传与教育,同时有必要进行形式与内容的创新,灌输健康饮食的理念,改善不良的饮食习惯和行为。     

Tom Downey. Planting a Capitalist South: Masters, Merchants, and Manufacturers in the Southern Interior, 1790-1860. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press, 2006. xiii + 262 pp. ISBN 0-8071-3107-5, $49.95.

South Carolina’s Edgefield and Barnwell districts arenot new terrain for historical investigation, having alreadyconstituted the object of fine studies. Yet, Tom Downey’sbook definitely signals the achievement of the transition towardnew ways of writing southern history. The very word "transition" becomes central to Downey’sreading of the history of Edgefield and Barnwell as he distanceshimself from the interpretive framework into which the termsof the debate on the capitalist/non-capitalist nature of the     

Trade Ministers of China, Japan, South K oorea oppose protectionism

Economic and Trade Ministers of China, Japan and South Korea vowed here on October 25 to oppose trade protectionism in all forms.     

提高大苗移植成活率搞好城市园林绿化

影响大苗移植成活率的因素很多,作为园林绿化工作者,要不断分析影响大苗移植移植成活率的因素,总结提高移植成活率的方法,并结舍先进的科学技术,有效提高苗木移植的成活率,提高施工企业的经济效益和社会效益.文章分析了影响绿化大苗移植成活率的原因,并就如何提高大苗移植成活率提出了一系列具体可行的技术措施.     

中国绿色食品市场发展的特点、问题与对策

21世纪是绿色消费、绿色市场、绿色产业迅速发展的时代.近10年来中外绿色食品市场的快速发展,表明绿色市场在促进绿色消费和绿色生产中起着重要作用.中国绿色食品市场的发展与经济增长和收入消费增长,与消费意识和观念的转变,与增强企业竞争力有直接的关系.中国绿色食品市场主体发育趋向成熟,市场客体不断丰富,市场运行趋于规范,市场体系基本建立,但也存在诸如观念滞后、企业规模过小、技术含量低以及企业与消费者信息不对称等问题,尽快解决这些问题,有利于促进我国绿色食品市场快速发展.     

新鲜、健康和环境因素成为全球食品行业关注的新焦点

<正>全球消费者选择食品时的观念产生变化:口味和方便性的重要性降低益普索市场研究公司消费品研究部门的一项最新研究指出,全球消费者选择食品时的观念已经发生了一些转变。"更新鲜的原料"、"更有利于健康"、"更加环保的包装"等内容成为了消费者衡量和评价食品生产企业的重要的标准和依据。     

我国食品安全监管现状、问题与对策

食品安全问题是影响人们健康生活的重要因素,也是食品行业的重中之重。随着政府和民众对食品安全问题的关注度不断提升,食品安全的监管也有了很大的发展。本文简要分析目前我国食品监管的现状,深入探讨食品安全监管过程中出现的问题及原因,并提出相应对策。     

A Comparison of Consumers and Dieticians: Nutrition Focus,Food Choice,and Mental Accounting

Nutrition labels on processed foods are becoming more common throughout the world. How do experts and consumers compare at using this information? This study compares three different conceptualizations of expertise—a body of knowledge, better processing skills, and a greater facility for mental accounting. A survey was used to compare 237 consumers over age 40 with 131 dieticians. We examined the focuses, choices, and mental accounting of food selections. The results demonstrate similar focuses, food choices, predictability, and mental accounting by both groups on all three conceptualizations of expertise. This suggests that nutrition labels benefit both consumers and experts.     

Differing patterns of industrial dynamics: New Zealand,Ohio, and Sweden, 1978–1994

New Zealand, Ohio, and Sweden have experienced sharply divergent macroeconomic developments since the early 1970s. During the 1980s, New Zealand went from being the most heavily regulated and protectionist OECD country to one of the least regulated and most open economies in the world. Ohio suffered severe economic downturns when its major industries (steel, automobiles, and machinery) went through devastating crises. Since then, a major restructuring has taken place, and manufacturing output, exports, and employment have generally grown faster than in the United States as a whole. Sweden had an outstanding industrial growth record for several decades until the mid-1970s but then suffered economic setbacks from which it has not yet fully recovered. Industrial output declined for several years, resumed growth in the early 1980s but then stagnated again in the early 1990s.The object of this paper is to study the microeconomic responses to these differences in the macroeconomic environment. While manufacturing employment declined by more than 20 percent in each country, the number of establishments in manufacturing stayed constant in Sweden while it declined by 9 percent in Ohio and more than doubled in New Zealand.While there are certainly structural differences in the composition of the manufacturing sector in the three economies, these differences explain only a small portion of the differences in development patterns. Only a handful of 3-digit ISIC industries grew in terms of employment in each country between 1978 and 1993, but the growth industries were not the same across countries, and there were substantial differences in the growth patterns within these industries.