银行主导型金融对制造业企业技术进步的影响——基于技术距离的视角

制造业企业的技术发展离不开适宜类型的金融支持。那么,我国以商业银行为主导的金融体系对其具有怎样的影响？本文从技术距离视角出发,通过构建熊彼特内生增长模型探究银行主导型金融体系对制造业企业技术进步的影响效应及作用机理,并运用中国工业企业数据库与城市数据库的匹配数据进行实证检验。研究发现：当制造业企业远离技术前沿时,银行主导型金融对其技术进步具有明显的促进作用,但随着企业接近技术前沿,该作用将由正转负。相较于国有和抵押资产丰富的制造业企业,银行主导型金融对技术进步的负向作用在非国有和抵押资产匮乏企业中出现较早。机制检验表明,在远离技术前沿阶段,银行主导型金融能够激励制造业企业创新从而促进其技术进步,但在接近技术前沿后,银行主导型金融难以通过激励企业创新驱动其技术进步。研究结论对如何深化金融供给侧结构性改革、增强金融服务制造业之功效具有一定的指导意义。     

On modeling the determinants of TFP growth

We investigate the determinants of TFP growth of Italian manufacturing firms. Using stochastic frontier techniques, we consider three approaches for taking into account the influence of external factors, i.e., the determinants or drivers of growth. First, in our novel approach external factors may influence the technological progress, that is the shift of the frontier. To model this possible unexplored effect, we extend the standard time trend model to make it a function of the external factors. Then, following more standard approaches, we model external factors as either influencing the distance from the frontier, i.e., inefficiency, or the shape of the technology. Using a sample of manufacturing firms in 1998–2003, we find that technological investments and spillovers, human capital and regional banking inefficiency all have a significant effect on TFP growth.     

HUMAN CAPITAL AND CONVERGENCE: A PRODUCTION‐FRONTIER APPROACH*

Using nonparametric, production‐frontier methods, we decompose labor productivity growth into components attributable to technological change (shifts in the world production frontier), technological catch‐up (movements toward or away from the frontier), and physical and human capital accumulation (movements along the frontier). We find that (1) technological change is decidedly nonneutral, (2) productivity growth is driven primarily by physical and human capital accumulation, (3) the increased international dispersion of productivity is explained primarily by physical capital accumulation, and (4) international polarization (the shift from a unimodal to a bimodal distribution) is brought about primarily by efficiency changes (technological catch‐up).     

Technology Adoption, Human Capital, and Growth Theory

The paper explores a model in which growth is determined by a combination of human capital and technology adoption. At the heart of the model is the notion of "contiguous knowledge"—the idea that knowledge spreads out a certain distance. Because of this property of knowledge, a country can adopt existing technology only when it is sufficiently close to the technological frontier. Unlike the neoclassical growth model, the proposed model predictions are pessimistic for countries that are far away from the frontier. The model is thus able to account both for rapid growth episodes and economic stagnation.     

不同所有制行业技术效率的再审视——基于Panel VAR模型和超效率方法

文章采用最新发展的Panel VAR模型以确定投入变量发生作用的滞后效应,辅以超效率方法以处理若干DMU同时处于效率前沿的情况。研究发现,不同滞后效应之间的技术效率存在显著差异,特别是不考虑滞后效应的传统方法倾向于高估技术效率;外资企业在技术效率上占优,民营企业在纯技术效率上占优,国有企业在规模效率上占优,且该结论对不同滞后效应具有稳健性;国有企业的经营管理优势主要体现在电力、热力行业,民营企业优势主要体现在纺织业,外资企业优势主要体现在通讯设备行业;制造业及竞争性制造业在各所有制之间技术效率表现差异明显,而在非竞争性行业中只有纯技术效率表现差异明显。     

Technological change,efficiency gains and capital accumulation in labour productivity growth and convergence: an application to the Spanish regions

The main objective of this article is to analyse labour productivity growth and convergence in the Spanish regions between 1965 and 1995, decomposing total factor productivity gains into technological progress and efficiency change by means of Malmquist productivity indices. On the basis of this decomposition, labour productivity growth is broken down into components attributable to technological change (shifts in the frontier), efficiency gains (movements toward the frontier) and capital accumulation (movements along the frontier). The approach followed in this study is based on work initiated by Färe et al., where a link between the economic growth and convergence literature and the production frontier approach was established. Furthermore, in the spirit of Quah's approach, the evolution of the whole distribution is considered. Thus, the analysis of the dynamics of the entire distribution of labour productivity and the factors behind it – technological progress, efficiency gains and capital accumulation – combine both approaches, yielding new insights into the process of productivity growth and convergence experienced by the Spanish regions over the last 30 years.     

金融转型、技术创新与中国经济 发展方式的转变

本文建立世代交叠模型,分析金融转型对技术创新和经济发展方式转变的影响。分析表明,在经济发展的早期阶段,选择以投资扩张和技术转移为基础的发展战略是后发国家促进技术进步的最优选择;当距离世界技术前沿越来越近时,技术进步的主要方式将会转向技术创新。在转变过程中,后发国家的金融发展水平具有门槛效应。后发国家在前一阶段赖以进行投资扩张的金融体制,加上追赶型发展战略下地方政府的增长最大化冲动,可能会延迟后发国家向以技术创新为基础的发展方式转变。     

制度特征、FDI对我国制造业技术效率的影响——基于行业数据的分析

本文以中国1999—2007年26个制造业行业的面板数据,利用随机前沿理论模型实证研究了我国制造业的技术效率,针对制度特征、外商直接投资因素分析了它们对制造业技术效率的影响。结论表明:我国制造业的技术效率逐年提高,FDI对我国的制造业整体上存在正的溢出效应,而国有程度高低则对技术效率有负的影响。本文研究结果的重要政策含义是:中国制造业若要继续保持较好的增长,必须加强经济安全意识,并采取强有力的措施提高技术效率。     

中国不同行业全球价值链位置对创新效率的影响

关注中国各行业全球价值链位置对创新性效率的影响,基于新古典经济理论提出假设,采用非竞争性投入产出法计算中国19个代表性行业在全球价值链中的位置及变化趋势,测算其整体创新效率。进一步将创新效率分解为技术进步指数、规模效率指数、纯技术效率指数,通过观察分解变量值揭示行业差异。结果表明：研发阶段,处于全球价值链上游的行业,行业技术前沿水平上升,行业整体向前沿靠近的程度降低;生产阶段,处于全球价值链上游的行业,行业技术前沿水平下降,行业整体向前沿靠近的程度上升。     

Poverty traps in a frictionless world: The effects of learning and technology assimilation

We study an endogenous growth model of technology assimilation through an adaptive learning process defining the accumulation of technological knowledge among both workers and industrial clusters. The assimilation of new technology and the arrival rate of innovations are both based on the distance from the technological frontier to the current technological development level of the country. We illustrate how, even if technological innovations become immediately available to all countries, and absent educational and institutional frictions among countries, differences in technological development levels allow for the existence of poverty traps leading to the economic stagnation of technological laggards.     

Estimating technical change by nonparametric methods

A nonparametric method using dynamic data envelopment analysis is developed here to specify and estimate a dynamic production frontier. By this technique technological progress measured by the time shift of the production frontier and the scale economies measured by increasing returns to scale are estimated from the observed input output data, which may sometimes be nonstationary. An application to US computer industry exhibits substantial technological progress and scale economies over the period 1987–1998.     

非参数成本前沿模型与中国工业增长模式研究

本文创建了面板数据下的非参数成本前沿模型框架，对转轨期间中国大中型工业的成本变化进行分解与分析。研究发现经济全球化、FDI、产权变革和有序竞争促进中国工业的前沿技术进步和资源配置效率提高，推动中国工业增长由粗放型向集约型转变。同时，行业间日益加大的技术效率差距已经对增长模式转变构成挑战。     

Testing creative destruction in an opening economy

This paper analyses the relationship between trade liberalization and economic growth using a Schumpeterian framework of technological innovation and applies it to sector‐level South African data. The framework examines direct and indirect effects of trade liberalization on productivity growth. Indirect impacts operate through a differential impact of trade liberalization on firms conditional on their distance from the international technological frontier. Results confirm positive direct impacts of trade liberalization. Results confirm also that the greatest positive impact of trade liberalization will be on sectors that are close to the international technological frontier and that experienced a low level of product market competition before liberalization.     

Energy price-induced and exogenous technological change: Assessing the economic and environmental outcomes

In this paper, we distinguish between factor/output substitution and shifts in the production technology frontier. Our model includes the by-products of carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide emissions where the function requires the simultaneous expansion of good outputs and reductions in emissions. We estimate a directional output distance function for 80 countries over the period 1971–2000 to measure the exogenous and oil price-induced technological change. On average, we find substantial oil price-induced technological progress at the world level when long-term oil prices are rising, although the growth rate is more volatile in developed countries than in developing countries. The results also show that developed countries experience higher exogenous technological progress in comparison with developing countries, and the gap between the two has increased during the period of our study.     

Be productive or face decline. On the sources and determinants of output growth in Italian manufacturing firms

This article investigates the sources and determinants of output growth of Italian manufacturing firms. Applying stochastic frontier techniques, we decompose output growth into factor accumulation and TFP growth for the period 1998–2003. TFP growth is further decomposed into technological change, efficiency change and scale effects. Two key results emerge from the analysis. After confirming that both input accumulation and TFP growth are important in explaining output growth, we show that efficiency change (technological catch-up) is the most significant component of TFP growth in explaining output growth distribution. Furthermore, using a specific model of the asymmetric error component, we find that R&D spillovers, banking efficiency and public infrastructures have statistically significant and economically relevant effects on technological catch-up.     

CATCHING‐UP AND TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS OF THE ASEAN ECONOMIES

Total factor productivity growth of the five ASEAN founding members is estimated by decomposing total factor productivity growth into technical efficiency and technological progress. By using the stochastic frontier model with individual‐specific temporal pattern of technical efficiency for the period of 1981–2003, the present paper identifies the unique temporal pattern of productivity changes in each country, to analyze the relationship between country characteristics and the inherent efficiency and productivity changes. The empirical results indicate that over the study period, growth in Singapore and Malaysia was largely driven by both technological progress and input accumulation, whereas growth in Thailand was induced by an improvement in technical efficiency and through input accumulation.     

Biased Technical Change and the Aggregate Production Function

This paper offers a classical model of biased technical change in the MarxRicardo tradition as a framework for theoretical and applied studies of growth. The observable data it generates would appear to an unsuspecting economist to be well-described by a neoclassical model with a static Cobb-Douglas production function, when in fact this production function describes only the technological history of the economy. The CobbDouglas form results from the capital-using, labour-saving bias of technical change. The model's trajectory in wage-profit space will lie along the displaced image of the neoclassical factor price frontier, in contradiction to marginal productivity theory. The Solow residual can be reinterpreted by the classical theory as a measure of the size of this displacement.     

金融结构对技术创新效率的影响效应 ——不同金融发展模式对比分析

以技术创新阶段细分为研究基点,利用2009—2018年省级面板数据,构建超越对数随机前沿分析模型,实证检验技术研发阶段和创新市场化阶段不同金融发展模式下金融结构对创新产出与技术创新效率的影响效应。结果发现：在创新增量方面,银行体系发展对创新产出的正向激励效应显著优于股票市场发展,银行主导型金融结构对创新产出发挥着重要支撑作用。在创新增效方面,股票市场发展对技术创新效率的正向激励效应尤为显著,银行体系发展对技术创新效率产生抑制效应,造成较大程度的技术效率损失。结果表明,技术创新量高多产、提质增效依赖于金融结构持续优化和金融发展模式优势互补。     

Distance to the pre-industrial technological frontier and economic development

This research explores the effects of distance to the pre-industrial technological frontiers on comparative economic development in the course of human history. It establishes theoretically and empirically that distance to the frontier had a persistent non-monotonic effect on a country’s pre-industrial economic development. In particular, advancing a novel measure of the travel time to the technological frontiers, the analysis establishes a robust persistent U-shaped relation between distance to the frontier and pre-industrial economic development across countries. Moreover, it demonstrates that countries, which throughout the last two millennia were relatively more distant from these frontiers, have higher contemporary levels of innovation and entrepreneurial activity, suggesting that distance from the frontier may have fostered the emergence of a culture conducive to innovation, knowledge creation, and entrepreneurship.     

Technological Expectations And The Diffusion Of ‘Intermediate’ Technologies

The concept of ‘technological expectations’ has established itself as a key one in the smdy of innovation adoption. The article suggests that it may help explaining not just the adopters' timing decisions, but also their decisions regarding the kind of innovation they adopt. Innova tions that set the technological frontier face the competitive diffusion of some ‘intemdiate’ technologies. These may be either old technologies or ‘midrange’ ones. which purposefully lag behind the frontier, in order to impose lower adoption costs to their users.

Taking into account midrange innovations casts new light on the supply side of the diffu sion process. in terms of technological variety and selection effects. Drawing examples from the electronic colour pre-press industry, we highlight the equipment suppliers' anxious quest for the successful midrange innovation, able to hit the right txade-off between proximity to the frontier and adoption costs.