The Downside of Knowledge Spillovers: An Explanation for the Dispersion of High-tech Industries

Both theoretical work on knowledge spillovers and regional policy initiatives often assume that there exists a general and unanimous advantage for firms to cluster. But opposed to the benefit is the disadvantage of sharing knowledge with other (rival) firms. This paper highlights the “downside” associated with knowledge spillovers and presents a four-stage game of location choice where spillovers result from labour poaching and where the strategic interaction between firms may make them avoid co-location with spillovers. The model provides an explanation for the dispersion of German high-tech industries found in a companion paper.     

城市群落崛起、经济集聚与全要素生产率——基于京津冀、长三角和珠三角城市圈的分析

本文选取2002～2007年中国京津冀、长三角、珠三角城市圈所涉及省份地区的县市数据对经济集聚与全要素生产率之间的关系进行研究。实证结果表明,经济集聚对生产效率的影响取决于一个地区的产业结构,经济集聚对技术效率的促进作用将随着制造业与服务业比值的增加而逐渐降低;另一方面,随着制造业与服务业比值的增加,经济集聚对技术进步的积极作用将占主导,从而有利于技术的进步;当制造业与服务业的比值处于一定区间时,经济集聚不仅有利于技术效率的提高,也有利于技术的进步。     

R&;D: A Small Contribution to Productivity Growth

In this article I evaluate the contribution of R&D investments to productivity growth. The basis for the analysis are the free entry condition and the fact that most R&D innovations are embodied. Free entry yields a relationship between the resources devoted to R&D and the growth rate of technology. Since innovators are small, this relationship is not directly affected by the size of R&D externalities, or the presence of aggregate diminishing returns in R&D after controlling for the growth rate of output and the interest rate. The embodiment of R&D-driven innovations bounds the size of the production externalities. The resulting contribution of R&D to productivity growth in the US is smaller than 3–5 tenths of 1% point. This constitutes an upper bound for the case where innovators internalize the consequences of their R&D investments on the cost of conducting future innovations. From a normative perspective, this analysis implies that, if the innovation technology takes the form assumed in the literature, the actual US R&D intensity may be the socially optimal.     

Productivity and Growth in Perspective: Chile, 1833–2010

This paper presents a long-period growth accounting for Chile, an emerging economy, from the early nineteenth century through to 2010. The methodology, data, and sources used are thoroughly discussed, and the results are compared with a benchmark based on a sample of countries. Some of the findings are: Chile's average productivity growth over the whole period is explained mainly by capital deepening, but long period averages hide huge and variable differences when various time subdivisions are explored. Gross TFP growth increases throughout phases until 1973 when an international reduction sets in. The research also put the role of employment-population ratio into perspective.     

Does the new digital infrastructure improve total factor productivity?

Improving total factor productivity (TFP) is essential to achieving high-quality and sustainable economic development. The existing literature mainly focuses on the impact of traditional infrastructure on TFP but generally ignores the role of new digital infrastructure in TFP and does not test impact mechanisms and whether there is heterogeneity in effects. Using panel data of 30 regions in China from 2006 to 2017, this paper analyzes the impact of new digital infrastructure on TFP and its mechanisms. The results are as follows: (1) New digital infrastructure can significantly improve regional TFP. After the robustness test, the results still support the findings. (2) New digital infrastructure can promote technological innovation, optimize factor allocation, and achieve economies of scale, thus improving TFP. (3) Further analysis shows that the positive effect of new digital infrastructure on TFP shows significant heterogeneity. In regions with high economic development levels, high research and development ( R&D) levels, and high traditional infrastructure development levels, the positive effect of new digital infrastructure on TFP is more obvious. These findings not only enrich the literature on digital infrastructure and economic growth but also serve as a reference for governmental departments as they optimize their strategy for developing digital infrastructure and realizing sustainable economic development.     

企业密度、集聚效应与选择效应——以我国纺织业为例

运用空间经济模型,并利用2007年我国纺织业城市层面的截面数据,分析了城市纺织业的企业密度与行业生产率的相互关系,并对该相互关系的实现机制进行了辨别。研究结果显示:城市纺织业企业密度与其行业生产率显著正相关;在纺织企业密集的城市,选择效应表现为通过淘汰生产率低的企业来促进平均生产率的提高;集聚效应在纺织业发展水平不高的城市发挥了正的推动作用,但在纺织业发展水平较高且纺织企业密集的城市发挥的作用不明显。     

生产性服务业集聚与绿色全要素生产率增长 —基于地区与行业差异的视角

采用2000-2014年30个省区的面板数据,构建了动态面板数据模型,运用系统广义矩估计方法,研究了生产性服务业集聚对于绿色全要素生产率增长的影响。得到的主要结论是：第一,绿色全要素生产率增长具有较强的滞后效应,受到前期绿色全要素生产率增长的显著影响。第二,生产性服务业集聚具有促进绿色全要素生产率增长的作用,人力资本、研发投入、基础设施、对外开放也对绿色全要素生产率增长起到正向的促进作用。第三,生产性服务业集聚对绿色全要素生产率增长的影响具有非线性特征,符合“威廉姆森假说”;生产性服务业集聚对于绿色全要素生产率增长的促进作用存在明显的地区差异,生产性服务业集聚对于绿色全要素生产率增长的促进作用仅在中部地区显著。第四,生产性服务业集聚对于绿色全要素生产率增长的促进作用存在明显的行业差异,促进效应最为显著的是交通运输、仓储和邮政业,以及金融业;其次是信息传输、软件和信息技术服务业,科学研究和技术服务业。     

全要素生产率与中国经济增长关系研究——基于VAR模型视角

运用TFP的变动来对经济增长潜力展开分析,是国内外经济学界的常见研究思路。从新古典模型出发,对改革开放以来的中国TFP进行估算分解,并构建TFP、GDP增长、资本增长和劳动力增长之间的VAR模型。实证研究认为,目前中国已进入跨越式发展时期,应大力发展资本市场,促进资本要素的有效流动,促进产业结构优化,将提高劳动力受教育水平作为重要发展战略,注重进行技术基础的革新,提高经济增长质量,促进经济发展方式向集约型发展方式转变。     

进口贸易与中国经济增长互动关系探析

进口贸易在国民经济增长中的作用尚未引起到人们的高度重视。近年来,随着国际经济环境的变化和中国经济的发展,人们开始重新审视进口贸易对经济增长的作用。进口贸易促进经济增长,最显著的传导机制是通过提高全要素生产率促进经济增长。目前中国需要调整贸易战略、重视进口贸易在经济增长中的作用,并优化进口贸易结构,在适度保护的基础上通过开展进口贸易促进经济增长。     

我国西部地区经济增长中的技术因素分析

利用1978—2010年我国西部地区12省市的数据,测算了我国西部地区的资本、劳动力和TFP对经济增长的贡献率。结果显示:当期我国西部地区的经济增长主要源于资本投入;但是,由于资本对经济增长的贡献太大,因此TFP呈相对平稳下降趋势,TFP对经济增长的作用还不是很明显。指出:若2010—2020年西部地区TFP对经济增长的贡献率为37.1%,则西部地区能实现以技术进步带来可持续增长。最后提出西部地区实现经济可持续增长的政策建议。     

我国玉米全要素生产率增长及其对产出的贡献

运用T orngv ist-T he il指数法和增长账户法测算了1985~2003年期间我国TFP的变动及其对玉米产出增长的贡献。结果表明,1985~2003年我国玉米TFP的年均增长率为2.23%,对产出增长的贡献为66.13%。从总体上看,这一时期我国玉米TFP增长还呈现出明显的波动性特征,粮食生产和流通制度的变革,技术创新和新技术的推广使用,以及玉米市场价格变动可能是产生玉米TFP生产率波动的主要原因。     

中国可持续经济增长方式研究—基于1990-2007年间各省市的面板数据

在Lucsa(1988)模型基础上,以1990-2007年各省、市、自治区的面板数据计算中国的全要素生产率,通过对中国经济的全要素生产率的分解.考察各主要因素对经济增长的作用以及它们的变化情况,可以发现:中国的经济增长严重依赖投资拉动,技术进步与人力资本在中国经济增长中的作用不断提高,而较高的行政支出对经济增长起了比较明显的负作用.     

Are regional systems greening the economy? Local spillovers,green innovations and firms’ economic performances

The adoption and diffusion of environmental innovations (EIs) is crucial to greening the economy and achieving win–win environmental/economic gains. A large and increasing literature has focused on the levers underlying EIs that are external to the firm, such as stakeholder and policy pressures. Little attention, however, has been devoted to the possible role of local spillovers of a sector/geographical nature as a factor that correlates with EIs and economic performances. A rich data set that covers the innovative activities and economic performances of firms in the Emilia-Romagna region in Italy, an area dense in manufacturing districts, is analysed. EIs’ drivers and effects on firms’ performance are investigated through a two-step procedure. First, we examine the relevance of spatial levers, namely, whether high rates of eco-innovators in a given local area induce the adoption of EIs in firms located in the same local area. The role of the ‘agglomeration lever’ turns out to be fairly local in nature: we find that spillovers are significantly inducing innovation within municipal boundaries. Second, we test whether EIs adoptions have significantly increased firms’ economic performances and find that some firms’ productivity performances are positively related to EI adoption.     

FDI和产业集聚对TFP增长影响的实证检验——基于上海制造业行业的数据

运用非参数的Malmquist生产率指数方法,测算了1998—2007年上海20个制造业行业的全要素生产率指数及其技术效率和技术进步的变化指数;用基于面板数据的计量回归模型对上海市制造业行业全要素生产率的影响因素进行了实证检验。得出以下结论:上海制造业行业全要素生产率的增长主要是由技术进步带来的,技术效率变化指数表现出负增长;外商直接投资对上海制造业企业没有明显的外溢效应,产业集聚对上海制造业行业的全要素生产率增长有显著的促进作用,出口贸易具有显著的阻碍作用,国有产权比重具有显著的反向作用。     

What determines productivity performance of telecommunications services industry? A cross-country analysis

This article investigates the key factors that determine the productivity performance of telecommunications services industry. A simple theoretical model is used to illustrate that the Total Factor Productivity (TFP) growth is attributable to the effects of scale economies, market competition and technical change. We then examine empirically the effect of various factors on the TFP growth in the industry using panel data in 12 Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries for the period 1983 through 2003. The empirical results are consistent with the theoretical prediction. A new finding in this article is that higher machinery and equipment (M&E) capital intensity and human capital contribute to higher TFP growth in the telecommunications services industry. The decomposition analysis also suggests that technical change induced by changes in M&E capital intensity and human capital are important sources of productivity performance in the industry across the OECD countries, contributing to about 20–50% and 2–7% of TFP growth, respectively. These findings highlight the importance of improving the conditions for M&E capital investment and the quality of human capital, which in turn could facilitate the adoption of new technologies and enhance the productivity in the industry.     

四川省全要素生产率的测算及分析

本文运用索洛余值法计算了1978—2007年四川省全要素生产率,对四川省的产出增长进行了分阶段分解和源泉核算。研究发现,四川省经济增长主要依靠要素投入。因此,要转变当前四川省的经济增长方式,就要进行科技创新和制度创新,同时加快农村劳动力转移和产业结构调整。