External economies as a mechanism of agglomeration in EU manufacturing

Productive externalities are significant determinants of agglomeration, not deeply studied at the industry and international level. We analyse the impact on productivity growth of technological externalities, both inter- and intraindustry, national or international, at the industry level for the EU countries and the period 1995–2002. The results confirm the advisability of considering international externalities when countries are taken as regions, whose omission underestimates national spillovers. Together with national endowments and a central geographical position, the growth of productivity is encouraged by national and international specialization as a general result; moreover, it is fuelled by stronger interindustry spillovers and productive diversification, a result more evident for high technology industries, while lower technology industries are more sensitive to the omission of international externalities. Economic integration seems to be relevant, because supranational regions with less friction for goods and factor movements are more likely to take advantage of external economies as a mechanism of productivity growth and agglomeration.     

企业规模异质性与产业集聚：来自中国制造业的证据

基于中国制造业数据,本文检验了企业规模异质性与制造业地理集中的互动联系。研究表明企业规模因素对制造业地理集中具有显著影响。按素密集度对制造业的分类回归进一步表明,上述影响存在行业差异：劳动力与资源密集型行业的相关性不稳健,但资本技术密集型行业的结果是稳健的。这意味着资本技术密集型行业的企业规模分布具有地理集中倾向：大市场集中分布了更多大规模企业。这一结论表明制造业集聚具有规模异质性：小规模企业通过集聚经济,促进生产率提高形成制造业集聚,大规模企业则通过集中分布在大市场而形成制造业集聚。另外,从制造业集聚的驱动力量看,制造业集聚的强化效应与地区异质因素两股力量都在推动制造业地理集中,由此可以判断制造业集中趋势还将持续。     

Ellison-Glaeser指数的修正方法及其应用——对中国制造业行业集聚的再测度

基于Ellison-Glaeser指数和Maurel-Sédillot指数,构建了用于测度中国制造业行业集聚程度的γa指数,将之与EG指数比较。利用γa指数测度两位数制造业行业和三位数制造业行业的集聚程度,并在省级层面阐明了其应用宽度。结果显示:在数据稳定性上,γa指数优于EG指数;除烟草制品业及石油加工、炼焦和核燃料加工业以外,1998—2013年中国其他制造业行业的集聚程度均呈上升趋势;劳动密集型制造业行业的集聚程度高于资本密集型制造业行业和技术密集型制造业行业;重污染制造业行业的集聚程度先升后降,表明其对环境规制强度的变化更为敏感。     

粤港澳大湾区SO2平均浓度与制造业、生产性服务业集聚的空间关联特征

厘清区域产业集聚与空气污染的关系与机制,是协调经济发展与环境污染矛盾的前提与基础。利用双变量空间自相关探讨产业集聚与SO2平均浓度的空间自相关关系,再通过构建空间面板STIRPAT模型,对这种空间关系进行计量检验。结果表明,2011—2017年,粤港澳大湾区生产性服务业集聚与SO2平均浓度存在正的空间关联关系,制造业集聚、两种产业协同集聚度同SO2平均浓度存在负的空间关联性,但是关联性不显著。单一产业、两种产业协同集聚与SO2平均浓度的关联性具有显著的空间溢出效应。得出以下结论:生产性服务业集聚可能加剧空气污染,制造业集聚、产业协同集聚度则可一定程度上缓解空气污染,但这种关系不显著;单一产业及协同产业集聚对空气污染的空间溢出效应是明显的。     

我国农副食品加工业的产业集聚——基于17个四位数行业数据的实证分析

采用衡量空间集聚程度的EG指数,并结合产业集中度指数,测算了2003—2009年我国农副食品加工业的17个细分行业的集聚程度,并从产业集聚程度的变动趋势、产业集聚特征、原料主产区的空间分布等方面进行分析。结果表明:在考察期间,我国农副食品加工业的行业集聚程度呈下降态势,行业集中程度主要受原料产地的影响;不同细分行业的集中程度存在较大差异,这是由自然环境和地理位置不同造成的。     

产业集聚演变的集成化测度方法研究——兼对辽宁省中部城市群产业集聚性的动态分析

针对以往研究中产业集聚测度多使用单个指标的不足,在归纳和梳理国内外产业集聚测度方法的基础上,提出了使用主成分分析、集成产业集聚测度指标对产业集聚进行测度的方法。以我国辽宁中部城市群为分析对象,使用标准差系数、绝对集中指数、相对集中指数、熵指数、H指数和区位商指数,基于2001和2004年的统计资料,对其产业集聚变化状况进行了实证研究。研究结果表明:辽宁中部城市群多数产业的集聚性呈动态演变;以产业链为纽带的产业集聚的分工体系在城市群已初步显现;抚顺等矿业城市的产业集聚表现出很强的资源导向性。最后,给出了城市群发展产业集群的建议和矿业城市经济转型的思路。     

集聚经济、相关性多样化与城市经济增长--基于279个地级及以上城市面板数据的实证分析

文章基于演化经济地理学理论,运用熵指数探讨了城市产业多样化和专业化对城市经济的影响,并根据2003－2010年中国279个地级及以上城市的产业统计数据实证研究了集聚经济、城市产业相关性多样化和无关性多样化对城市经济增长的影响。研究结果表明：（1）整体而言,城市产业集聚的多样化和专业化都能促进城市经济增长,但是多样化的作用显著大于专业化的作用;（2）并非所有的多样化都能显著促进地区经济增长,以知识溢出为主要影响机制的相关性多样化能显著促进经济增长,而以组合效应为主的无关性多样化不能或尚未促进经济增长。这表明我国城市经济发展受益于具有相关性或互补性的多样化部门和专业化部门所带来的知识溢出。文章验证了我国城市经济中既相关联又具差异化的知识溢出对城市经济增长的重要作用。     

资源型产业集聚环境外部性效应研究——基于区域面板数据的实证检验

以碳排放指标表征环境质量,从产业集聚环境效应角度探讨资源型产业集聚发展对碳排放的作用机理,构建包括规模负效应、多样化及专业化正效应的计量模型并对新疆区域进行实证分析。结果表明:资源型产业集聚与碳排放之间呈“N”型曲线关系,最佳集聚规模阈值区间为0.14~1.19。研究期内资源型产业集聚程度处于正外部性效应阶段,产业集聚自净效应(0.965)大于集聚污染效应(0.899),但非常逼近临界点。开采业集聚发展态势明显,集聚程度大幅超过最佳阈值区间。而初级加工业集聚规模处于第二阶段,环境正外部性效应显著。资源型产业细分行业集聚与碳排放之间出现了倒“N”型、正“N”型和正“U”型三种形状的曲线关系。     

中国制造业集聚程度变动趋势实证研究

制造业是集群特征最为明显的产业。本文利用Ellision和Glaeser建立的产业地理集中指数和自定义的五省市集中度对中国20个制造行业1993、1997、2002、2003年的集聚程度进行了精确测定。结果表明,1993—1997年集聚程度有所下降,1997—2002—2003年集聚程度呈增长趋势。集聚程度的提高是主要的变动方向和发展趋势。集聚程度由高到低的行业分布依次为:技术密集型产业———资本密集型产业———劳动密集型产业。地域分布极不平衡,江苏、广东、山东、浙江、上海五省市集中度很高,西部边远地区则远远落后,两极分化严重。总体上看,制造业的集聚程度与工业增长表现出较强的正相关性。     

Does FDI Facilitate Domestic Entry? Evidence from the Czech Republic

This paper analyzes the impact of FDI on domestic firm entry and firm size distributions in the Czech Republic during 1994–2000. We find that larger foreign presence stimulates the entry of domestic firms within the same industry, indicating the existence of positive horizontal spillovers from FDI. We also find evidence of significant vertical entry spillovers—FDI in downstream (upstream) industries initiates entry in upstream (downstream) sectors. Our results also show that entry spillovers through vertical linkages are stronger than horizontal spillovers and that while service industries benefit from both horizontal and vertical spillovers, manufacturing industries do not experience significant positive entry spillovers of any kind. We also find that country of origin of FDI matters—horizontal spillovers are driven by FDI from the EU countries. The right skewness of the firm size distributions in industries without FDI further emphasizes an important role of FDI presence for overall industry dynamics.     

产业集聚对技术创新的非线性影响

从行业异质性的视角入手,将中国制造业的28个细分行业分为4类——劳动密集型、资本密集型、技术密集型和资源密集型,在控制了研发费用投入、外商直接投资、制度因素和行业规模等后,采用非线性门限模型考察了不同类型制造业行业的产业集聚对本产业技术创新的影响。研究表明:产业集聚对产业技术创新的影响并非单调递增(递减),该影响在不同行业、不同集聚区存在明显的差异性,即随着产业集聚度的不断提高,产业集聚对技术创新产生先正后负的影响。政府在制定产业政策时,切忌走入盲目集聚或降低集聚度的误区,应针对不同行业的要素特征和发展阶段,采取差异化的集聚政策。     

集聚模式、变迁诱因与行业成长性 ——基于浙江制造业的实证分析

经济转型期下的传统制造业发展正面临着严峻的挑战,尤其在一些行业集聚度高的区域,行业衰退造成的“多米诺骨牌”效应对地方经济发展和社会稳定带来了巨大的冲击,因此,对集聚行业升级、衰退机制的研究是一个急需探讨的问题。本文论述了行业集聚特征、集聚模式与行业成长性之间的关系机制,并在此基础上对行业集聚模式变迁诱因展开进一步的探讨。通过浙江省14个制造业数据的实证分析发现,集聚特征与行业成长性之间存在着显著的联系。另一方面,在行业集聚的变迁诱因中,技术变革、经济波动、政策效用、核心企业群以及要素成本都对行业集聚模式的转变起着重要的影响,决定着行业的发展轨迹。     

FDI、产业集聚与产业技术进步——基于中国制造行业数据的实证检验

文章首先对FDI、东道国产业集聚和技术进步的关系进行了简要的理论分析;在此基础上通过构建产业集聚的HHI指数,在面板数据模型中分析了外商直接投资与我国产业集聚的关系;再利用DEA分析方法和面板数据模型检验了产业集聚对我国相关产业全要素生产率的影响以及FDI在其中的作用。检验结果显示,FDI有力地促进了我国产业的地理集聚,并由此推进了相关行业的技术进步;而且,这一效应在高技术行业中得到了最明显的体现。     

江苏沿江制造业产业集聚分析

产业在地理空间上的集聚现象已经成为许多学科领域研究关注的焦点，从一般经济学理论、产业经济学、区域经济学、国际贸易理论、管理学到空间经济学理论都有从各自领域对产业在地理空间上集聚有所解释。我们从江苏沿江产业集聚现象的形成和发展着手研究，试图以地理集中度为衡量指标，以制造业为例，根据各学科的相关理论对产业集聚的形成原因进行剖析，指出影响江苏沿江制造业产业集聚的因素。实证结果说明，本地市场规模、产业关联和FDI是影响江苏沿江产业集聚形成的显著因素。     

Knowledge Spillovers and High-technology Clustering: Evidence from Taiwan's Hsinchu Science-Based Industrial Park

Knowledge spillovers of high-technology industries are alleged to be important determinants of industrial clustering. Dynamic production modeling is applied to measure the sectoral and spatial spillover effects to study the implications of various types of knowledge spillovers on high-technology industry clustering in Taiwan's Hsinchu Science-based Industrial Park (HSIP). The analysis is performed using the Taiwanese government's industrial census of technological activities at the micro level with 2340 plants for the period 1986–1995. We find substantive sectoral and spatial knowledge spillover effects, which are considered to be major motivating forces for regional concentration patterns of Taiwan's high-technology industries. (JEL L10 , O30 )     

中国文化产业空间集聚水平及其影响因素研究

本文运用定量测度方法,从时空角度描述了中国文化产业空间集聚水平和变化趋势,揭示了文化产业空间集聚的影响因素。结果表明,我国文化产业总体集聚程度一直相当高,且存在明显的行业间差异。对人才、知识、技术要求较高的创新性行业空间集聚水平高,越来越向沿海省区集中;而主要服务于本地居民的行业,空间集聚水平较低,呈分散布局。通过系统考察文化产业空间集聚的影响因素,发现其重要因素依次为规模经济、劳动力素质和成本、产业政策因素、文化环境和区位通达性,但不同行业的省区分布影响因素差异较大。     

Exporting, productivity and agglomeration

Economic analysis of adjustment to globalisation has shifted from countries and industries to firms and plants. One particularly fruitful area for research has been aspects of entry to, participation in and exit from export markets. This paper contributes to that literature. Its focus is the exporting behaviour of manufacturing firms in the United Kingdom. To isolate the impact of participation in export markets we use nearest neighbour matching. For 1988-2002, we find evidence that spillovers associated with agglomeration can raise the probability of export market entry and once entry has occurred there may be additional productivity benefits. Survival is driven partly by size and total factor productivity and partly by industry characteristics.     

福建省制造业空间集聚水平测度与评价

利用区位商、空间基尼系数和产业共同集聚指数对福建省制造业空间集聚水平进行测度和评价。结果表明：福建省9地市现已形成各具特色的产业集群。区域中心城市的行业发展相对均衡,外围城市的行业发展相对集中。单一制造业空间集聚程度与制造业共同集聚程度并不完全呈现一致性。传统的自然资源密集型产业和劳动密集型产业具有两极化的空间集聚水平,而重化工业的集聚效应明显于扩散效应。最后,分别对基于资源禀赋、协作共生、规模经济和政府引导四种制造业集群的形成机理进行分析。     

Tough Love: Do Czech Suppliers Learn from their Relationships with Multinationals?*

Countries strive to attract foreign direct investment hoping that knowledge brought by multinationals will spill over to domestic producers. While the literature has cast doubt on the existence of spillovers within industries, it has found evidence of spillovers from multinationals to the supplying sectors. However, the existing studies rely on industry‐level proxies rather than information on actual relationships between suppliers and multinationals. This study goes one step further by employing a unique dataset from the Czech Republic where such relationships can be identified. It finds evidence consistent with both high productivity firms having a higher probability of supplying multinationals as well as suppliers learning from their relationships with multinationals.     

Revisiting measure of R&D spillovers: empirical evidence on OECD countries and industries

Using data for 17 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries over 29 years for 28 industries, this paper estimates industry-wise research and development (R&D) spillovers from the largest R&D investors and the most R&D-intensive industries that contribute 80% of global R&D. In doing so, it tests several assumptions made in the literature, and data rejecting them, proposes a methodology on R&D return estimation devoid of these assumptions. Results show that R&D has substantial spillovers, justifying R&D support policy. Each dollar of R&D generates about 29 cents in spillovers domestically and 4 cents in foreign countries. However, both intra- and inter-industry spillovers vary by industries, implying that the policy of supporting each R&D dollar uniformly across industries is suboptimal. Contrary to industry heterogeneity, the R&D spillovers from an industry do not vary substantially across countries, suggesting that optimal R&D policy across OECD countries might be uniform. An industry-by-industry technology matrix shows that sometimes an idea generates a greater impact on other industries than where it is generated.