风险、社会保障与农村宗教信仰

遵循理性选择研究范式,本文研究了农村社会保障与农村信教行为之间的关系.实证分析结果表明,风险是宗教选择和宗教参与的一个重要决定因素;目前农村社会保障水平对信仰量变有显著影响,但对信仰质变尚不够构成显著影响;"新农合"的开展能够有效地降低农村宗教信仰的增长速度.这些结果可以对农村"宗教热"现象进行解释:世俗社会对于农村居民所面临风险的不作为或者弱作为,是宗教在农村颇具吸引力的一个重要原因.     

Belonging,believing, bonding,and behaving: the relationship between religion and business ownership at the country level

This cross-country study adopts a competing theories approach in which both a value perspective and a social capital perspective are used to understand the relation between religion and a country’s business ownership rate. We distinguish among four dimensions of religion: belonging to a religious denomination, believing certain religious propositions, bonding to religious practices, and behaving in a religious manner. An empirical analysis of data from 30 OECD countries with multiple data points per country covering the period 1984–2010 suggests a positive relationship between religion and business ownership based on those dimensions that reflect the internal aspects of religiosity (i.e., believing and behaving). We do not observe a significant association for those dimensions that reflect more external aspects of religion (i.e., belonging and bonding). These results suggest that the social capital perspective prevails the value perspective, at least when internal aspects of religiosity are concerned. More generally, our study demonstrates the importance of distinguishing between different dimensions of religion when investigating the link between religion and entrepreneurship.     

Religious Charities and Government Funding

The government has the responsibility of providing a social service to its citizens. It decides whether to award funds to a religious nonprofit, secular nonprofit, or to produce the service itself. Religious charities are willing to provide the service at lower costs if they can use the funds as an opportunity to proselytize their doctrine. This proselytizing alters the religious preferences of believers in society. In a situation of equal grants to religious charities, this has the consequence of reducing the number of extremists. Furthermore, conservative religious denominations may discriminate against non-religious individuals in the provision of the social service.     

Household repayment behavior: The role of social capital and institutional,political, and religious beliefs

We examine the influence of social capital and various prevailing beliefs on household repayment behavior in Europe, after accounting for household-specific characteristics and country differences in institutions. Arrears are more common among households living in regions with dense corruption beliefs, low confidence in institutions and authorities, and a low fraction of religious people. Moreover, high stocks of social capital reduce the likelihood of arrears, net of the influence of various potentially relevant factors. Households in these communities face a higher hazard of losing standing in the group and access to the positive externalities of social capital.     

Pay or pray? The impact of charitable subsidies on religious attendance

The economic argument for subsidizing charitable giving relies on the positive externalities of charitable activities, particularly from the religious institutions that are the largest recipients of giving. But the net external effects of subsidies to religious giving will also depend on a potentially important indirect effect as well: impacts on religious participation. Religious participation can be either a complement to, or a substitute with, the level of charitable giving. Understanding these spillover effects of charitable giving may be quite important, given the existing observational literature that suggests that religiosity is a major determinant of well-being among Americans. In this paper, I investigate the impact of charitable subsidies on a measure of religious participation, attendance at religious services. I do so by using data over three decades from the General Social Survey, as well as confirming the impact of such subsidies on religious giving using the Consumer Expenditure Survey. I find strong evidence that religious giving and religious attendance are substitutes: larger subsidies to charitable giving lead to more religious giving, but less religious attendance, with an implied elasticity of attendance with respect to religious giving of as much as −1.1. These results have important implications for the debate over charitable subsidies. They also serve to validate economic models of religious participation.     

社会资本、法治水平对金融发展的影响分析

利用实证数据研究社会资本与法治水平对地区金融发展的影响。结果表明,在不考虑社会资本这一因素时,法治水平的提高对地区金融发展具有一定的促进效应,但这个效应有限,而转型期的社会资本对金融发展具有显著影响:(1)社会资本对地区金融发展具有显著的正效应;(2)社会资本还是对法治水平低下的一种有效替代机制。     

Formal volunteering and self-perceived health. Causal evidence from the UK-SILC

The paper assesses the causal relationship between formal volunteering and individual health. The econometric analysis employs data provided by the Income and Living Conditions Survey for the United Kingdom carried out by the European Union’s Statistics (UK-SILC) in 2006. Based on 2SLS, treatment effect and recursive bivariate probit models, and religious participation as instrument variable, and controlling for social and cultural capital, our results show a positive effect of formal volunteering on self-perceived health.     

Fiscal and Monetary Problems in Developing States: Proceedings of the Third Rehovoth Conference

This study considers social capital and religious adherence as determinants of child poverty in the United States and finds that both social capital and religious adherence play a role in U.S. child poverty at the county level. The study also disaggregates the total religious adherence variable into Mainline Protestants, Evangelical Protestants, and Catholics and finds that the effects of these denominations on child poverty are mixed. The model is tested for spatial dependence bias and the test results show that without spatial correction, the OLS results may be biased and inefficient.     

Dynamic models of religious conformity and conversion: Theory and calibrations

This paper develops overlapping generations models to explain and simulate changes in the proportion of secular and religious people. The church is modeled as generating an externality associated with “conformity-enhancing” education. Observed changes in the number of nonbelievers are explained by different birth rates among secular and religious parents and the relative proportion of young nonconformists. Calibrations for the conformity rates among secular and religious people show that the observed long-run increase in the difference between percentage of secular people in Europe and the United States can be attributed to lower conformity rates prevailing in Europe.     

Managerial rewards and the behavior of for-profit,governmental, and nonprofit organizations: evidence from the hospital industry

Studies of mixed industries frequently focus on differential behavior between for-profit and either nonprofit or governmental producers. Substantially less is known about differences among governmental, religious nonprofit, and secular nonprofit organizations. We examine the compensation of hospital CEOs to assess the extent to which these three organizational forms pursue similar objectives. Compensation levels, the use of salaries versus bonuses as proxies for weak versus strong incentives, and the criteria organizations use to determine bonuses are analyzed. We conclude that the CEO incentive contracts at religious nonprofit, secular nonprofit, and governmental hospitals imply substantive differences in the behavior of these organizations.     

社会资本、创业拼凑与新创企业绩效——双重关系嵌入的调节作用

社会资本作为推动新创企业成长与发展的重要动力，其资源效应是提高新创企业绩效的主要内容。而创业拼凑作为突破新创企业资源约束的关键因素，成为社会资本向绩效转化过程中的重要枢纽。基于社会资本理论，结合双重关系嵌入的差异化表现，分析社会资本对新创企业绩效发挥作用的路径机制以及外部影响。结果表明：社会资本对新创企业绩效具有显著正向影响；创业拼凑在社会资本与新创企业绩效的关系中存在部分中介效应；内外部关系嵌入正向调节创业拼凑和新创企业绩效间关系。     

人口老龄化、社会保障与人力资本投资

本文以我国养老保险的"统账结合"模式为例,探讨了社会保障制度对人口老龄化和人力资本投资的影响。根据本文的推导和验证,增加"统账结合"模式中个人账户的比例,将会对居民的人力资本投资产生一定的激励作用,并延缓其退出劳动力市场的时间,从而缓解人口老龄化对经济和社会发展带来的压力。另外,本文还在"统账结合"模型下,分析了人力资本投资与退休的关系,结果发现,增加人力资本投资,可以延长居民的劳动参与时间。由此,我国的社会保障制度应该在以下两个方面进行改革:适当增加"统账结合"模式中个人承担的比例;加快农村的社会保障体系建设,促进覆盖全国的社会保障体系的形成。     

起点公平、过程公平、结果公平与分配公平满意度*

深入研究居民对现阶段分配公平满意程度的认知、判断与评价,对于政府制定科学合理的调控政策、促进分配公平、提高居民满意程度、维护社会和谐与稳定具有十分重要的意义。本文基于浙江省11个地区958份居民家庭问卷调查数据,对居民收入分配不平等程度与分配公平满意度现状进行统计分析,构建Ordered Probit模型,从起点公平、过程公平、结果公平等方面对分配公平满意度的主要影响因素进行实证研究。研究结果表明：现阶段收入分配不平等程度较大,但居民对收入分配公平满意度相对较高。起点公平、过程公平、结果公平、人力资本、物质资本、社会保障对分配公平满意度有显著的正向影响。其中人力资本、起点公平、结果公平、社会保障对分配公平满意度的正向影响程度较大,过程公平对分配公平满意度的正向影响程度次之,而家庭劳动力人数、物质资本对分配公平满意度的正向影响程度较小。这一研究结果提供了重要的政策启示。     

中国传统文化信念、人力资本积累与家庭养老保障机制

本文首先构建一个人力资本积累模型,考察传统文化信念驱动下的家庭养老保障机制以及社会养老保障制度对家庭养老和人力资本投资行为进而对经济增长的影响。分析表明,传统文化信念将后代人力资本积累与父代养老保障有机地联系起来,提供了一种很好的家庭养老保障和人力资本内生积累机制;现收现付型社会养老保障制度不利于人力资本积累和经济增长。其次,本文以我国现实数据为基础进行实证研究,得到结论是社会养老保障制度对我国人力资本积累和经济增长具有明显的抑制作用,而家庭养老保障机制的良好运转则有助于更好地促进人力资本积累和经济增长。因此,我国在致力于完善社会养老保障制度的同时,决不能忽视家庭养老保障机制的作用与培育。     

非公有资本进入我国卫生领域的理论与实践

2005年初,国务院3号文件明确规定,放宽非公有制经济市场准入,允许非公有资本进入社会事业领域,支持、引导和规范非公有资本投资教育、科研、卫生、文化、体育等社会事业的非营利性和营利性领域。我国目前正经历一个“国退民进”的过程。公有资本与非公有资本的边界怎样划分一直是理论界研究和争论的焦点。该研究从公有资本和非公有资本的本质属性出发,通过政策回顾和文献检索,分析了非公有资本进入各行业的理论与实践;通过学习、借鉴非公有资本进入卫生领域的国际经验,对其进入我国卫生领域的总量、结构、形式等做了相对客观的总结和评价。     

互联网应用与创业绩效:社会资本的中介作用

借助社会资本理论,探究了与企业经营密切相关的互联网应用——信息获取与社交沟通如何通过社会资本积累对创业绩效产生影响。利用来自中国2432家创业企业的调研数据进行实证研究。结果显示:社会资本中的服务者联系对互联网应用的信息获取维度与创业绩效的关系起部分中介作用;社会资本中的参与者联系对互联网应用的社交沟通维度与创业绩效的关系起部分中介作用。     

创新型企业知识资本、组织性格与未来取向

通过整合知性管理与未来取向理论，从知识资本与组织性格两方面探讨创新型企业未来取向（由社会责任和研发倾向表征）的实现机制。以进入2018年全球创新企业1 000强的94家中国上市企业为样本，在收集2015-2017年数据的基础上，采用回归分析方法，检验创新型企业知识资本、组织性格与未来取向的作用关系。研究结果表明：知识资本与企业组织研发倾向正相关；内向型性格与组织研发倾向、社会责任正相关；直觉型、感知型和情感型性格在知识资本对研发倾向的影响路径上起显著调节作用。研究结论为知性管理理论的管理逻辑提供了新证据，也为创新型企业更好地面向未来、谋求可持续发展提供了启示。     

Religion,discrimination and trust across three cultures

We propose that religion impacts trust and trustworthiness in ways that depend on how individuals are socially identified and connected. Religiosity and religious affiliation may serve as markers for statistical discrimination. Further, affiliation to the same religion may enhance group identity, or affiliation irrespective of creed may lend social identity, and in turn induce taste-based discrimination. Religiosity may also relate to general prejudice. We test these hypotheses across three culturally diverse countries. Participants׳ willingness to discriminate, beliefs of how trustworthy or trusting others are, as well as actual trust and trustworthiness are measured incentive compatibly. We find that interpersonal similarity in religiosity and affiliation promote trust through beliefs of reciprocity. Religious participants also believe that those belonging to some faith are trustworthier, but invest more trust only in those of the same religion—religiosity amplifies this effect. Across non-religious categories, whereas more religious participants are more willing to discriminate, less religious participants are as likely to display group biases.     

Does religious faith affect household financial market participation? Evidence from China

Based on the 2013 China Household Finance Survey data, this paper investigates the impact of religious faith on household financial market participation and portfolio choice. The results show that religious faith can significantly promote household financial market participation. Besides, religious faith can increase the proportion of risky assets held by households, including equities. We also find that the need for social interaction and human capital accumulation can significantly induce religious residents to participate in financial markets and hold risky assets. Overall, our results reveal how faith affects household finance activities in China.     

乡村旅游业对农户生计的影响分析——以山西三个景区为例

从乡村旅游和农户生计的概念出发,以山西的后沟古村、乔家大院、晋祠三个景区为例,详细分析了乡村旅游业对农户生计的影响.乡村旅游业的发展从不同方面对自然资本、物质资本、金融资本、人力资本和社会资本的储量和质量产生不同的影响,同时各大资本之间也不断地相互转化与组合,共同促进农户生计的发展.分析表明,乡村旅游有利于农户生计资本的积累和提升,但要进一步改善景区农户的生计还需要获得多方面的外部干预.