Jointly issued notes: a financial instrument to improve SME credit worthiness in China

A financial instrument to improve the credit worthiness of small and medium enterprises (SMEs), i.e. Jointly Issued Notes (JINs), improves the average credit rating of SMEs by eight notches, from BBB to AA+, thus reducing borrowing cost by 298 basis points. This research note describes the various kinds of JINs, and then analyzes their effect on the credit worthiness of SMEs. We conclude that the JINs successfully facilitate access to credit at lower rates in China.     

Firm investment and financial conditions in the euro area: evidence from firm-level data

We explore whether the sensitivity of firm-level investment to cash flow, typically associated with an external financing premium, is time-varying and in particular whether it varies with overall financial conditions. We find that financial conditions have indeed played a significant role in corporate investment decisions over recent years, rendering financing constraints even more binding. This finding appears to be robust to a number of control variables and robustness tests. Moreover, the impact of credit conditions is not uniform across firms, but rather it varies depending on firm size and leverage, with constrained firms being substantially more likely to condition their investment decisions on overall credit conditions. Our results cast new light on the interplay between financial and real cycle downturns and underline the need for monetary, fiscal and macroprudential policy to be countercyclical with respect to financial conditions.     

Cash flow vs. collateral‐based credit

We study factors affecting micro, small and medium‐sized enterprises (MSMEs) receiving loans and the effect of these loans on MSMEs performance. We study two types of loans – a new type based on cash flows and a traditional‐style loan based on collateral. We use unique surveys of MSMEs from Bulgaria, Georgia, Russia and Ukraine. We find that MSMEs receiving a cash flow or collateral loan in the past are more likely to receive the same type of loan (and larger sized) in the future and that cash flow loans may be the preferred form of credit. Both types of loans are related positively to most performance indicators, enabling the MSMEs for instance to be more profitable and expand production. The cash flow loans also appear to be particularly attractive credit delivery schemes for micro and small enterprises. Finally, the effects of the smallest loans are often negative, suggesting that the minimum loan size is an important policy issue.     

国外中小企业发展的金融支持对我国的启示

为根本解决我国中小企业融资难问题，借鉴美国、日本为发展中小企业提供金融支持的成功经验，得出我国应设立专门的政策金融机构为中小企业提供贷款和担保、发展地方中小金融机构、完善资本市场与创立风险投资基金等几点启示。     

企业集群与中小企业信用担保体系的完善

信用担保体系是中小企业融资活动的重要支撑,中小企业的发展,离不开信用担保体系的完善。本文从中小企业自 身的组织结构出发,从理论上剖析了在企业集群的环境中,中小企业的信用担保的特点及优势所在。在此基础上,联系到制 度环境的建设,为中小企业信用担保体系的完善提出了政策建议。     

Assessing the losses in euro area potential productivity due to the financial crisis

In this article, we show that the recent financial crisis has significantly affected the potential total factor productivity (TFP) of the four largest euro area economies, as well as that of the rest of the euro area. We used a reduced-form equation of TFP, based on an approach recently developed by Cahn and Saint-Guilhem (2010). Our empirical findings show that the permanent impact on potential TFP varies across countries from –3.9 points to –1.3 points in Q2 2012. When these losses are incorporated, TFP gaps develop closely in line with capacity utilization rates (CUR). Moreover, in the case of France, including CUR in our TFP model improves the quasi-real-time reliability of TFP gap estimates.     

Access to credit and informality among micro and small enterprises in Ethiopia

This paper examines the determinants of Micro and Small and Enterprises (MSEs) access to credit in Ethiopia using detailed firm‐level data collected in 2003. Its basic purpose is to identify the various attributes of a firm that determine its access to credit with an emphasis on the role of firm formality. We find that informal firms are more credit constrained compared to formal firms. A firm’s location, membership of a business association and maintaining an accounting record are found to be important determinants of access to credit. Further, we find firms whose owners have vocational training are more credit constrained than those who are not, as are firms that are exclusively male owned. There is no systematic relation between access to credit and a firm’s age, size and the sector in which it operates. The paper concludes with possible policy interventions designed to improve access to credit for MSEs in Ethiopia.     

基于金融体系自身缺陷的中小民营企业融资障碍分析

中小企业融资难是个世界性的问题,但我国中小民营企业是有其特殊性的,主要在于现有的金融体系所存在的缺陷阻碍了中小民营企业从正规渠道融得资金,这又主要体现在三个方面,即信贷机构对中小民营企业融资机制存在许多缺陷;中小民营企业信用担保机构的发展出现多样化趋势,但蕴涵较大的金融风险;直接融资渠道缺失与资本市场缺乏层次.     

Sovereign credit ratings,growth volatility and the global financial crisis

Using monthly data from January 1996 to May 2010 for a panel of 76 developed and emerging economies and adopting an instrumental variable (IV) estimation technique by correcting for both heterogeneity and endogeneity with the generalized two-stage least squares (G2SLS, EC2SLS) procedure method suggested by Balestra and Varadharajan-Krishnakumar (1987) and Baltagi and Li (1995), this article provides empirical evidence that volatility of per capita GDP growth is reduced when there are positive changes in credit ratings; in other words when sovereign credit risk improves. To deal with potential simultaneity between sovereign credit ratings and output volatility, a system (3SLS) approach is undertaken, and our findings remain robust. By weakening the volatility dampening effects of ratings changes, it is found that the global financial crisis (GFC) has enhanced macroeconomic volatility. One of the channels via which sovereign rating changes affect growth volatility is the financial markets’ repricing of sovereign default risk that is reflected in sovereign credit default swap (CDS) spreads and its volatility.     

The 2007–2009 financial crisis: changing market dynamics and the impact of credit supply and aggregate demand sensitivity

This article singles out the determinants of changes in US firms’ systematic risk and idiosyncratic return induced by the 2007–2009 financial crisis. After establishing that systematic risk changes during the crisis, the results show that higher operational and financial leverage coincide with an increase in systematic risk, while high cash availability is associated with a decrease in systematic risk. The crisis-induced idiosyncratic return worsens with increasing financial leverage, higher sensitivity to aggregate demand shocks and banking sector problems, and lower operational leverage. Additional results show that the aforementioned variables have economically large effects on firm performance during the crisis.     

Owner-managers and firm performance during the asian and global financial crises: evidence from Korea

We examine the performance of the Korean owner-managers during the 1997?1998 Asian financial crisis and the 2008?2009 global financial crisis to establish whether they overcome the unexpected exterior shocks better than employed managers. We find that the owner-managers record a significantly greater performance during the crises, and especially during the latter period. Moreover, our results suggest that such a tendency comes from the owner-managers’ superior investment decisions. Our paper thus highlights the role of owner-managers by studying their performance during the Korean economic crisis periods. (JEL G01, G32, G34)     

The countercyclical role of Italian local banks during the financial crisis

The article analyses the role of local banks in Italy during the 2008–2009 crisis from the perspective of the relationship lending model. During the crisis, the risk of cascading failures of financial organizations has dramatically increased, thus causing a return of attention to local banking as a possible source of countercyclical behaviours in the financial markets thanks to their ability to establish fiduciary long-term relationships with small businesses.

The purpose of this article is to test this hypothesis and to disentangle the response of local banks during the financial turmoil according to their governance structure and location. Our results show that non-independent local banks and, to a limited extent, cooperative banks located in the rural area actually played a significant countercyclical role across the crisis. Policy implications suggest that prudential supervision should rethink the indicators of systemic risk in order to differentiate banks according to their capability of mitigating it.     

Taxes,Competition and Finance for Albanian Enterprises: Evidence from a Field Study

This paper analyses the results from a survey, carried out in 1999, of more than 100 enterprises in Albania. The main finding of the survey is that registered businesses regard competition from the informal sector as the most important problem they face in doing business. Unregistered firms have a significant advantage because they are able to evade the relatively high tax burden. Poor access to loans is also a significant obstacle. Enterprises tend to rely on own sources of funds for business start-up expansion. Larger enterprises are more likely to apply for loans than smaller ones, but having applied, are no more likely to be successful.     

Wealth effects on money demand in the euro area

We investigate the determinants of money demand (M3) in the euro area, considering that this variable remains an important co-determinant of monetary policy making by the European Central Bank. Regressing the real stock of M3 on real GDP, interest rates and wealth variables (real housing and stock prices) within an error-correction framework provides evidence of positive wealth effects on money demand in the long run. Correcting for this wealth effect, money demand in the euro area has grown almost exactly in line with the official reference value of 4 1/2% per annum. This article builds on research that was conducted in preparation of the annual OECD Economic Survey of the euro area and reported in Boone et al. (2004). The authors thank their colleagues in the Economics Department and the European Central Bank and two anonymous referees for their valuable comments. The authors assume full responsibility for any remaining errors and omissions. The opinions expressed in this article do not necessarily represent those of the OECD or its member countries     

金融科技与中小微企业信贷获取——基于新三板企业的实证研究

中小微企业融资难、融资贵是世界性难题,银行信贷融资是其外部融资的重要来源,但目前过低的融资规模制约了其缓解融资难的有效发挥,如何提升中小微企业的银行信贷融资成为学术界的研究难点。金融科技的迅猛发展是否对解决该难点有所助益？本文以2011—2020年新三板企业为样本对该问题进行考察,研究发现：(1)金融科技能显著提升中小微企业信贷资源获取,该结论在考虑内生性和稳健性检验后依然成立;(2)机制分析表明,金融科技能够通过降低信息不对称、促进商业信用融资以及加剧银行业竞争等渠道显著促进中小微企业的信贷获取;(3)异质性分析表明,金融科技对信贷获取的促进作用在货币政策紧缩时期、信用环境较差地区、中西部地区、融资约束较高、产权性质为非国有以及抵押能力较弱的企业中表现得更加明显;(4)进一步研究表明,金融科技能够降低借贷成本;相对于短信贷期限结构企业,金融科技对于长信贷期限结构企业的正向影响更为明显。本文的研究结论支持了金融科技的长尾效应和普惠性,也为中小微企业获取更多信贷资源,缓解融资难题提供了有效路径。     

The impact of political institutions on U.S. state bond yields during crises: evidence from the 2008 credit market seizure

This study examines how political institutions mediate bond market reactions to severe economic crisis, based on U.S. states’ experience of the 2008 credit market seizure. Following severe fiscal shocks, political institutions assume greater importance in assessing risk characteristics of state bonds. The bond market reacts most strongly to two factors: public sector union strength in a state and the proportion of Democrats in the state legislature. We suggest that the identity of political institutions becomes increasingly important, during periods of economic crises, when credit markets might expect that political systems can no longer delay stabilisations and must deliver policy.     

中小企业融资与信用理财产品开发研究

＂融资难＂问题是制约中小企业发展的重要瓶颈,＂只贷不存＂和＂信息不对称＂让小额贷款公司和商业银行分别陷入了自己向中小企业贷款的相对困境。通过信用理财产品,可以将小额贷款公司和商业银行的优势互补,降低信息不对称成本和交易成本,从而解决中小企业的融资困难问题。     

基于中小物流企业价值的信用评级体系研究

物流金融在我国发展迅速,成为物流企业和金融企业拓展发展空间、增强竞争力的重要领域。但中小物流企业融资难仍然是制约其发展的主要瓶颈,已经成为第三方物流发展壮大的最大障碍。本文分析建立基于中小物流企业价值的信用评级体系的必要性,提出建立该信用评级体系的四个步骤,实现物流金融的科学化、精细化发展。     

供应链银企联盟在中小企业融资担保中的作用

银行与产业供应链中的龙头企业组成新的供应链银企联盟。龙头企业可为供应链中的中小企业提供担保,可解决中小企业贷款担保不足问题,降低银行对中小企业融资的风险,为解决中小企业在融资过程中的担保问题提供一种思路。     

破解中小企业金融业务障碍的策略研究——基于中国工商银行信贷机制改革视角

面对高成长性和高风险性并存的中小企业金融市场,中国工商银行如何继续保持国内领先和国际先进的中小企业金融业务地位,并以此促进自身发展,是当前迫切需要解决的问题.从中国工商银行信贷机制改革视角出发,必须做好以下六点: (1)完善对职能部门和客户经理的激励与风险考核机制; (2)修正中小企业信贷客户评级授信体系; (3)建立体现效率的信贷授权审批机制; (4)培育专职的小企业客户经理队伍; (5)完善中小企业金融产品体系; (6)摸索建立新型风险防控体系.