FDI双重溢出效应对创新追赶绩效的影响机制——基于高技术产业的实证分析

将FDI的溢出效应分为市场竞争效应和技术溢出效应,利用1995—2012年中国5大高技术产业相关数据,建立回归模型实证检验了两者对创新追赶绩效中的产品创新绩效和知识创新绩效的影响机制,并考察知识创新绩效作为内生变量对产品创新绩效的影响机制。结果表明:FDI的市场竞争效应对本土企业的产品创新绩效的提高不存在促进作用;FDI的技术溢出效应对本土企业的知识创新绩效的提高具有促进作用,并且通过作用于吸收能力而间接促进本土企业知识创新绩效的提升;FDI技术溢出效应产生的知识创新绩效对产品创新绩效具有正向影响;FDI的双重溢出效应对创新追赶绩效的影响机制存在产业差异。     

Has the Asian crisis changed the role of foreign investors in emerging equity markets: Taiwan's experience

This paper examines whether the 1997 Asian crisis changed the trading behaviors of foreign investors and of local institutional investors in Taiwan's stock market. There is little evidence that the Asian crisis changed the relationship between equity flows and market returns in Taiwan's stock market but there is evidence that volatility effects and volatility spillover were strengthened after the crisis. The general findings are (i) feedback trading arguments are much stronger than information arguments; (ii) relationships between returns and sale changes are the weakest but volatility effects using sale measures are the strongest; (iii) strong volatility effects and volatility spillover are found after the crisis; and (iv) the results for domestic institutional investors are slightly stronger than those for foreign investors.     

The impact of foreign direct investment on innovation at domestic firms: Evidence from the deregulation of foreign investment in China

This paper studies the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on innovation by domestic firms in China. A difference-in-difference estimation strategy yields causal evidence by exploiting China's deregulation of FDI in 2002. Analysis of a matched firm–patent data set from 1998 to 2007 shows that both the quantity and quality of innovation by domestic firms benefited from the presence of FDI. Emphasizing the importance of knowledge spillover from FDI in similar technology domains, the authors examine the role of horizontal FDI and FDI in technologically close industries—those sharing similar technology domains. Findings show that the latter generates much more substantial positive spillover than the former. The paper also shows that knowledge spillover from FDI in similar technology domains is not driven by input–output linkages. In addition, the spillover effect is stronger in cities with higher human capital stock and firms with higher absorptive capacity.     

异质性人力资本、空间溢出与高技术产业创新

基于2000-2016年省级高技术产业面板数据,从整体、区域、产业3个维度实证分析了异质性人力资本对高技术产业创新的差异化作用与空间溢出效应。研究发现：在地理经济矩阵下,各省高技术产业创新产出与人力资本空间相关性显著; 整体、行业、区域维度上,高技术产业创新活动具有显著空间溢出效应,且高端人力资本对高技术产业创新具有显著正向作用与溢出效应,其空间间接效应均高于直接效应;低端人力资本普遍作用不显著,甚至可能产生一定逆向作用与溢出效应;男性人力资本比女性人力资本的促进作用更为普遍且强烈,尤其是男性高端人力资本。     

The mobility of highly skilled human capital in Taiwan

Most economists agree that a country's economic growth depends on human capital, physical capital, technology, and several other minor inputs. Human capital is the basic wealth of every country. Highly skilled workers are the most important component of human capital. Human capital can have a positive spillover effect on society. When talented young people leave their native country to work elsewhere, this brain drain inhibits the country's economic growth. Several factors contribute to brain drain. These can be classified roughly into three categories: economic, academic and personal. Economic factors play the most important role. From the early 1960s to the late 1980s, Taiwan suffered a brain drain when many people who had earned advanced degrees in western countries chose to leave Taiwan to work elsewhere. In this study's statistical analysis, I show that Taiwan's economy is based in past on an effective labour force and explain why Taiwan's economy has grown over the past 30 years. With the improved economy in the 1990s, young people are increasingly choosing to return to or remain in Taiwan to work and live. As Taiwan's economy improves, its highly skilled labour market becomes more competitive.     

考虑吸收能力的区域创新多维溢出效应

合理利用区域创新的空间溢出效应和价值链溢出效应,有助于区域创新发展与创新效率提升,而对区域创新溢出效应的利用程度则受其吸收能力影响。将创新过程分为知识创新阶段和产品创新阶段,利用Network Slacks-based Measure模型计算全国内地30个省域两阶段创新效率,将吸收能力引入空间溢出效应和价值链溢出效应对创新效率影响的研究中,并构建空间计量模型,检验吸收能力对知识创新效率和产品创新效率的影响。结果发现,空间溢出效应在部分年份显著,省域间没有形成稳定的空间关联关系;空间溢出效应显著时,提升吸收能力对知识创新效率和产品创新效率均有促进作用;价值链溢出效应不显著或者存在负向影响,创新过程两阶段相对独立,此时提高吸收能力对知识创新效率和产品创新效率提高没有显著作用,甚至具有负向影响。     

Innovation,R&D Spillovers,and the Variety and Concentration of the Local Industry Structure*

This paper presents a Cournot oligopoly model with R&D spillovers both within and across industries. The aim is to provide a theoretical foundation for the main hypotheses regarding the effect of the local industry structure on innovation and output. Depending on the spillover rates and the degree of product differentiation between the industries, the firms respond differently to changes in variety and concentration, which can explain the mixed empirical results. Furthermore, innovation and output can react in opposite ways, which makes the choice of the performance measure critical.     

US PATENT CITATIONS DATA AND INDUSTRIAL KNOWLEDGE SPILLOVERS

The aim of this paper is to empirically evaluate the US interindustry knowledge spillover using the NBER patents data file (1963–1999). Reputing the patent backward citations as a good proxy of the patent's knowledge spillover, we proceed by building a time series to each US manufacturing industry patent citations and their lags. Then, we generate the time series of the external and the internal knowledge flow indices, showing that traditional sectors are more technology-dependent from the others than the new one. Here, in the spirit of Pavitt [Pavitt, Research Policy 13, 343–73, 1984]. We derive a new taxonomy of innovation focusing on the ideas instead of the goods production in order to obtain the innovation linkage and trajectories. Once we determined that each sector's most cited patents are typically belong to the ‘new’ sectors, we evaluate the high- and low-tech sectors innovation effect on the whole economy innovation process. Confirming that the high-tech sectors, and its R&D expenditures, are the most important, we conclude that it is the giant's shoulders, substance of the whole economy.     

An analysis of the spillover effects of exchange-traded funds

This article used the Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity-Autoregressive Moving Average (GARCH-ARMA) and the exponentially Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity-Autoregressive Moving Average (EGARCH-ARMA) models to study the impact of the spillover and the leverage effects on returns and volatilities of stock index and Exchange Trade Fund (ETF) for developed and emerging markets. Previous unexpected returns for developed and emerging markets which have an opposite influence pattern on ETFs’ returns were identified. The spillover effects from returns are excellent for Hong Kong, followed by Singapore. Meanwhile, Taiwan's stock index return was recorded to have a strong negative impact on ETF return. Notably, this article shows that the spillover effects on stock index and ETF volatilities existed with bilateral influences. Despite a strong positive asymmetric volatility effect in Korea's ETF market, the leverage effect appears to play important roles in the explanation of both stock index and ETF returns.     

FDI与OFDI溢出对高技术产业区域创新的门槛效应研究

选取2003-2016年省域高技术产业面板数据,以R&D人员投入为门槛变量,实证分析FDI与OFDI溢出对高技术产业区域创新的非线性影响。得出以下稳健性结论：FDI和OFDI溢出对高技术产业区域创新具有双门槛效应,FDI溢出呈现先升后降的特征,而OFDI溢出则呈现先降后升特征;R&D人员投入、R&D资本积累、城镇化水平有利于高技术产业区域创新,而金融成熟度未产生明显推动作用;政府支持可能对R&D人力投入较高省份产生抑制作用;2003-2016年跨越R&D人员投入中、高门槛的省份在不断增加。     

Technology and the dynamics of comparative advantage

This paper explores how trade affects innovation in a two‐country, two‐good, two‐factor Heckscher–Ohlin model with heterogeneous firms. Trade openness induces an increase in process innovation in both industries. The increase is stronger in the comparative advantage industry. Trade openness boosts prospective entrants' profits in that industry, which leads to further increases in product innovation. Trade liberalization generates a different relative impact on innovation across industries, depending on trade costs. When they are high (low), it increases process innovation relatively more in the comparative advantage (disadvantage) industry, leading to TFP divergence (convergence) across industries.     

全球生产网络下产业领导力影响了知识溢出吗

全球生产网络为知识溢出提供了新渠道。在新的国际分工格局中，不同产业集团所处地位具有非对称性，而这种非对称性或者产业领导力是否对知识溢出产生影响缺乏理论分析和验证。鉴于此，在理论分析基础上，构造核心产业领导力衡量指标，探讨核心产业领导力对知识溢出的影响。研究发现：(1)产业领导力对知识溢出具有显著正向影响，表现为具有领导力的核心产业通过价值链参与形式，将创新研发成果输送至非核心产业区；(2)地理距离加权的核心产业领导力对非核心产业区的创新效率具有显著负向影响，其作用机制是地理距离通过制度距离弱化核心产业领导力对非核心产业区的知识溢出效应；(3)基于产业非对称条件下的知识溢出效应，不同属性产业以及不同区域间均表现出显著异质性。研究不仅从产业领导力角度对全球生产网络分工条件下的知识溢出研究提出了新认识，而且为在全球产业链、价值链重构的关键阶段如何通过迈向全球产业链中高端，推动全球产业链、价值链包容性发展，作出更多中国贡献提供了重要政策建议。     

董事高管责任保险促进还是抑制企业创新

作为企业重要的治理机制,董事高管责任保险通过管理层风险偏好、管理水平及激励机制等因素进而影响企业创新,此影响过程究竟是促进还是抑制,尚存争论.基于沪深A股2007—2018年上市公司微观数据,实证研究了董事高管责任保险对企业创新的影响.研究发现:董事高管责任保险对企业创新存在显著的"创新激励"效应,特别是对创新产出和创新效率的提升作用明显,并在考虑控制内生性问题后,上述结论仍成立;企业高层的风险承受力与管理水平是董事高管责任保险对企业创新影响的重要机制和渠道,董事高管责任保险明显提高了管理层的风险承受力和管理能力,从而促进了企业创新;不同行业对"创新激励"效应存在显著的异质性,较高科技水平和竞争水平的行业"创新激励"效应更为明显.研究为完善上市公司治理结构,加快董事高管责任保险发展以促进企业创新具有重要的理论价值和政策意义.     

MARKET REACTIONS TO THE PASSAGE OF THE FINANCIAL HOLDING COMPANY ACT IN TAIWAN

Abstract. We examine how financial institutions react to various events surrounding the passage of Taiwan's Financial Holding Company Act in June 2001. Empirical results indicate that the financial system experiences significant abnormal returns along the legislative process. Smaller firms have significantly higher abnormal returns, thus lending no support for the hypothesis that larger firms benefit more from the Act. Further analysis shows that the significance of market value is replaced by a significant securities industry effect, thereby consistent with the observation that Taiwan's securities firms are generally smaller in market values and are potential target firms for financial holding companies.     

Taiwan's pharmaceuticals: A failure of the sectoral system of innovation?

The study investigates Taiwan's sectoral system of innovation in the pharmaceutical industry, which has failed to achieve international competitiveness, despite strong state support. Our investigations were designed and carried out in two stages. In the first stage, we developed a statistical method to measure the institutional drivers in Taiwan's pharmaceutical industry. This finding received strong support in our second stage of analysis, which involved the use of both: (1) inductive processes (through the use of interviews) and (2) deductive (i.e., mathematical) approaches to analyze the innovation performance in Taiwan's pharmaceutical industry. In particular, we compared patenting and publication activities in Taiwan versus those of India. The results of our study demonstrate that the intellectual property regime (i.e., patents and publications) is playing a critical role in linking actors and institutions and is highly associated with the effectiveness of the innovation system in the pharmaceutical sector.     

Intra-industry spillovers and innovation: An econometric analysis at the firm level

This paper studies spillover effects of innovation at the firm level and the comparability of generalized method of moments (GMM) estimators with maximum likelihood estimators of the earlier studies. Two sources of spillovers are identified, i.e. intra-industry R&D expenditure and intra-industry innovation output. This paper estimates a negative R&D spillover effect and a positive output spillover effect. Because of the substitution effect of intra-industry R&D spillovers, the elasticity of patent with respect to firm's own R&D expenditure is greater than those estimated in the earlier studies. With GMM, individual effects are incorporated into the models either by developing proxies for them or attempting to eliminate them.     

创新要素流动与产业结构变迁关系及其空间溢出效应研究

创新要素流动既是优化资源配置的关键,又是产业结构调整的内在动力,反之,产业结构变迁又会通过微观效应推动创新主体创新。基于1998-2018年内地30个省市面板数据,研究了创新要素流动与产业结构变迁的互动关系及空间溢出效应。回归结果表明：R&D人员流动对本地区产业结构高级化以及其它地区产业结构合理化具有促进作用,同时,抑制了本地区产业结构合理化与溢出地区产业结构高级化;R&D资本流动对本地区产业结构高级化以及其它地区产业结构合理化具有抑制作用,但是对本地区产业结构合理化以及其它地区产业结构高级化具有促进作用;产业结构合理化对R&D人员及R&D资本流动具有促进作用,但是抑制了其它地区的R&D资本流动。     

Interdependence and spillovers: is firm performance affected by others’ innovation activities?

The creation of new knowledge is a case in which agents' behaviour can affect the performance of other actors positively, given that new knowledge creates positive externalities in the market. In this context, we investigate the existence of performance spillovers associated with innovation activities by quantifying the innovation produced in surrounding firms and controlling for the fact that a firm is itself an innovation producer. We use data from the Third Community Innovation Survey (CIS III) that measures innovation in a broad way, not reducing it to R&D and patents, which departs from previous literature on spillovers. Furthermore, to tackle the endogeneity of the innovation variables on the firm production decision, we resort to the firm intellectual property protection methods as an instrument. We found a positive spillover of innovation on firm value added. The results also show that process innovation spillovers are more prevalent than product innovation spillovers.     

生态系统视阈下区域创新效率的多维溢出效应

从创新生态系统视角出发,刻画了知识、产品二阶段创新价值链,利用数据包络分析方法测量了创新效率,将创新效率的价值链溢出、空间溢出纳入统一分析框架。以长三角、京津冀、中部五省、西部七省区市4个区域为研究对象,采用空间计量方法进行了实证分析。结果显示,创新价值链不同阶段创新效率之间存在正向溢出效应,且区域创新活力越强,价值链溢出效应越明显;知识、产品创新效率存在显著的空间溢出效应,且影响程度由西向东呈递增态势;激发区域市场活力、丰富创新网络内涵在不同区域具有普适性。对此,要构建创新生态系统,提高创新效率,一方面应在系统内部打通创新合作渠道,完善创新服务平台;另一方面要确定合理的系统边界,实施差别化创新政策。     

中国产业间的技术溢出效应:基于35个工业部门的经验研究

本文利用中国1997、2002、2007年投入产出表,测算了35个工业部门1997—2008年历年的产业相似度矩阵,并以此为权数构建了衡量产业间技术溢出的指标。通过将产业间技术溢出指标引入到产业部门的生产函数当中,分析了产业间技术溢出对中国工业部门劳动生产率的影响。结果表明:产业部门间的技术溢出对工业各部门劳动生产率有着显著的正面影响,产业间技术溢出的生产率弹性值约为0.348,高出各产业直接R&D投入的影响。固定窗宽的滚动估计表明,随着时间的推移,35个工业部门的产业间技术溢出效应呈扩大趋势;而对相似性聚类后的4大类产业的进一步分析表明,同一相似类内部产业之间技术溢出效应比4类之间的技术溢出效应平均说来更加显著一些。