我国渔业国际竞争力分析及提升策略研究

我国是世界渔业大国,水产品一直在我国农产品出口贸易中占有重要的地位。文章分析了我国水产品出口贸易的现状,并用国际市场占有率、显性比较优势指数和贸易竞争优势指数评价了我国水产品出口的竞争力,研究表明我国水产品出口贸易总体上具有一定比较优势,但我国的水产品贸易的国际化程度很低,且表现出比较优势不断下降的趋势。最后,针对影响我国水产品出口贸易的因素提出相应对策。     

Causes of world trade growth in agricultural and food products, 1951–2000: a demand function approach

The objective of the present study is to analyse the causes of the growth of international agricultural and food trade in volume terms from 1951 to 2000. The results suggest that income growth has been the principal reason for this expansion, while exchange rate stability and the real price of agricultural products played only a minor role. Multilateral trade liberalization and trade costs, given their long-term stability, are not elements that could have stimulated their growth. Finally, the intensive liberalization of trade which took place in various economic regions, especially in Europe, became a key factor in promoting agricultural trade among the countries participating in regional trade agreements. The study results also indicate that the determinants of trade growth for these goods were different to those for other goods and other periods.     

中国与中亚国家农产品贸易互补性的实证分析

首先运用比较优势指数对中国农产品出口中亚国家的情况进行分析,得出中国农产品总体在中亚国家不具有比较优势,但出口中亚国家的一些主要农产品具有一定的比较优势。然后,运用贸易互补性指数和贸易结合度模型,对中国农产品出口中亚国家与中亚国家进口的双边农产品贸易进行分析,得出中国与中亚国家总体农产品贸易互补性较低,但在主要农产品贸易中互补性较强且贸易结合度紧密的结论。     

人民币实际汇率波动与中国农产品进出口贸易的实证研究

传统的国际贸易理论认为一国汇率与对外贸易量之间存在密切相关关系,马歇尔-勒纳条件则说明只有在＞1的情况下,汇率贬值才能改善贸易收支。本文通过建立农产品进出口额对人民币实际汇率的计量经济模型来验证M-L条件在农产品贸易领域成立与否,结果表明,汇率贬值能促进我国农产品出口额的增加,但贬值对农产品出口增加的作用不大;同时汇率贬值使得农产品进口额也增加,文章最后针对以上情况作简单的原因分析。     

中美农产品加工业产业内贸易影响因素研究

分析了中美农产品加工业贸易状况,并对两国农产品加工业产业内贸易的影响因素进行了实证研究。结果表明,近年来中美农产品加工业贸易快速发展;而中美贸易不平衡对两国农产品加工业产业内贸易起到了显著的抑制作用,同时中美两国人均GDP差异、行业开放程度则较强地促进了两国农产品加工业产业内贸易的发展。基于此,中国应侧重提升中美农产品加工业产业内贸易水平,实施产业间贸易和产业内贸易双轮驱动战略。     

中国农产品产业内贸易现状分析

By using HS classification, the author has divided total agricultural products into 24 categories. The paper calculated the G-L intra-industry trade index, Brülhart marginal intra-industry trade index, and Thom & McDowell marginal industry trade index for each type of agricultural products during the period from 1996 to 2005 in China. The conclusion shows the overall level of agricultural intra-industry trade is relatively low, and Brülhart index indicates China’s agricultural products decades of improvement mainly from inter-industry trade, at the same time Thom & McDowell index shows that China’s agricultural intra-industry trade growth is mainly from the growth of vertical intra-industry trade. __________ Translated from Guoji maoyi wenti 国际贸易问题 (Journal of International Trade), 2008, (1): 14–20     

The impact of FTAs on MENA trade in agricultural and industrial products

This article analyses the impact of Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) on Middle East and North African Countries (MENA) trade for the period 1994–2010. The analysis distinguishes between industrial and agricultural trade to take into account the different liberalization schedules. An augmented gravity model is estimated using up-to-date panel data techniques to control for all time-invariant bilateral factors that influence bilateral trade as well as for the so-called multilateral resistance factors. We also control for the endogeneity of the agreements and test for self-selection bias due to the presence of zero trade in our sample. The main findings indicate that North–South-FTAs and South–South-FTAs have a differential impact in terms of increasing trade in MENA countries, with the former being more beneficial in terms of exports for MENA countries, but both showing greater global market integration. We also find that FTAs that include agricultural products, in which MENA countries have a clear comparative advantage, have more favourable effects for these countries than those only including industrial products.     

中国-东盟农产品贸易持续逆差研究

本文阐述了中国对东盟农产品贸易现状,从不同角度对中国对东盟农产品贸易持续逆差现象及其原因进行了分析,并发现中国对东盟农产品贸易逆差呈总体扩大趋势。得出如下结论:首先,中国-东盟农产品贸易逆差总体呈上升趋势;其次,中国对东盟主要农产品贸易逆差国为马来西亚、印度尼西亚和泰国;再者,主要出口农产品形成的贸易逆差是构成中国对东盟农产品贸易逆差的主要原因之一;最后,中国农产品比较优势下降,东盟主要农产品贸易逆差国的农产品的比较优势较为明显也是引起贸易逆差的原因之一。     

Modeling of the impact of the financial crisis and China's accession to WTO on China's exports to Germany

We focus on discussing the impact of China's accession to WTO and the financial crisis on China's exports to Germany, particularly in agricultural products, based on some most recent proposals. Firstly, structural breaks caused by those events are detected. Then the Box–Cox model and a new tree-form Constant Market Share (CMS) model are fitted to discover the long-term impact of those events on the trade relationship between China and Germany and the growth causes of China's exports to Germany. We found that China's accession to WTO had a negative short-term impact on China's exports and its market share in agricultural products, but a positive short-term impact on its market share in industrial products and a positive long-term impact on its exports and market share in both classes. The tree-form CMS model shows the growth of China's exports to Germany due to competitiveness after this event was much higher than before. The financial crisis exhibited a negative short-term impact on China's exports to Germany, but a positive short-term impact on China's market share and the trade relationship between both countries in industrial products. China's market share in agricultural products was not affected by the financial crisis.     

A study of virtual land trade between China and ASEAN based on material flow analysis model

In this paper,based on the material flux analysis model（MFA） and its corresponding theories and algorithms of ＂virtual land＂ virtual land contents of five primary agricultural products are calculated and＂Virtual land trade＂hidden in those imported and exported products are also obtained through analyzing the primary agricultural product trade between China and ASEAN. In the process of calculationl following the thought of Changing agricultural products to ＂Virtual land trade＂land content, trade condition and spatiai distribution of agricultural products Were integratedly considered. indicate that China exported 73;057 km^2 of virtual land area to ASEAN by tea, vegetables; maize and grain, ASEAN exported： 57.332 km^2 to China by natural rubber from 2002 to 2005. It obvious; that china has lost 15,725 km^2 arable land through agricultural product trade, Additionally, in order to process： of calculation Virtual land trade, Thailand taker as an example to analyze its international trade of rice and Wheat from 1991 to 2005 and Calculate their ＂Virtual land trade＂ 2001 through 2005. According to and calculation, it is not difficult to conclude that ＂Virtual land trade＂ very important and could be used for China to guide agricultural export or import Structure and maintain Sustainable use of land resources.     

中国农产品产业内贸易影响因素的实证研究

本文首先运用Grubel-Lloyd计量法和GHM分解法对1997—2008年中国农产品产业内贸易以及垂直型和水平型农产品产业内贸易水平分别加以测度,然后运用面板数据从国家层面对中国农产品产业内贸易影响因素进行了实证研究。结果表明:人均收入差距、外商直接投资、农产品贸易不平衡、贸易伙伴的贸易开放度是影响中国农产品产业内贸易的主要国家层面因素;区域优惠贸易安排、地理距离、市场规模因素对中国农产品产业内贸易发展也有不容忽视的影响。     

Home bias in multimarket Cournot games

We explore the role of trade costs for the home bias in trade. In a series of Cournot duopoly experiments with a home and an export market, we compare output choices when firms face different levels of trade costs. We find that there is two-way trade in identical products and that firms hold the majority market share in their home market. The resulting home bias turns out to be, however, stronger than that predicted by theory, and it even occurs without trade costs. Tacit collusion contributes to the home bias observed in our experiment but does not offer a full explanation for the phenomenon.     

中国农产品贸易模式动态分析

本文利用联合国统计署有关农产品统计数据,以改进的比较优势指数为基础,研究了1996-2008年中国农产品比较优势的部门分布情况,及其跨时期演变的变动趋势。研究发现。中国绝大多数农产品不具有比较优势,中国农产品比较优势整体呈下降趋势,贸易模式具有一定的稳定性,而且中国的主要出口农产品与农产品的比较优势并不完全一致。     

主要农产品出口国在中国市场竞争力研究

自从加入WTO后,中国正在成为一个对世界市场具有重要影响的农产品贸易大国。运用市场占有率和排名、贸易强度指数、贸易相似度指数对主要农产品出口国在中国市场的表现及竞争状况进行了分析。结果表明:美国、巴西、阿根廷和澳大利亚等农产品出口大国占据份额较大,这几个国家竞争十分激烈;在农产品贸易中,主要农产品国向中国重点出口土地密集型产品。     

Measuring the effectiveness of non-price export promotion using a supply-side approach

In this paper we assess the effectiveness of the Market Promotion Program (MPP) in increasing U.S. exports and benefitting U.S. agricultural producers and food processors. Export shipments are linked to producer welfare using Kohli's (1978) profit maximization (GNP function) approach to modeling international trade. Using estimated profit functions in conjunction with a synthetic export demand function for processed agricultural products, we compute changes in farm and food processing sector profits that result from alternative own-price and advertising elasticities of export demand with and without the MPP subsidy. This approach allows us to investigate aggregate welfare effects of nonprice promotion without requiring the difficult task of estimating the export demand effects of market promotion activities for numerous commodities and importing countries. First version received: April 1999/Final version received: June 2000     

Beyond the income effect of international trade on ethnic wars in Africa

We use detailed information on the location of agricultural and mining production to approximate international trade for different ethnic groups in order to study its impact on ethnic conflicts in Africa between 1993 and 2010. The goal is to go beyond the income effects of trade to study the residual effects of globalization on conflicts. We find that once we control for income but also for a wide variety of different factors in conflicts (using political variables and fixed effects), the international trade by ethnic groups has a pacific impact on conflicts. While this peaceful impact of trade is mainly found in the trade in agricultural products, it does not have a significant impact on the international trade in mining products. Finally, we propose an original two-step analysis showing that exports significantly reduce conflicts by affecting time-varying national characteristics. We interpret this result as an indication that globalization in Africa has participated in the formation of new national identities with peaceful effects between ethnic groups.     

农产品贸易保护的国际政治经济学分析

世贸组织多哈回合的坎昆会议上农产品贸易谈判的失败,集中体现出对外贸易政策的本质是其本国国内政治经济的反映。农产品的特点和作用以及农业的特殊地位决定了发达国家在农产品贸易中的高保护政策。对农产品贸易保护的国际政治经济学视角的分析能够使我们更好地了解发达国家在贸易谈判中的观点和立场。     

海峡两岸农产品贸易增长的成因：基于CMS模型的实证分析

选取2002--2007年我国海峡两岸农产品的贸易数据,利用CMS模型,从农产品贸易总额和分类农产品贸易额两个层面对我国海峡两岸农产品贸易增长的原因进行实证分析。结果显示：祖国大陆对我国台湾地区出口农产品整体竞争力的显著提高是推动其对台湾地区出口增长的关键因素;结构交叉因素对祖国大陆对台湾地区农产品出口的影响由抑制变为促进;祖国大陆对台湾地区农产品进口需求的扩大则是台湾地区对祖国大陆出口农产品大幅增长的主要原因。     

从人口、资源与环境的视点看中美食品贸易

食品贸易不仅仅是保障各国食品安全,利用不同国家比较优势获得经济利益的经济活动,也是与人类健康与安全、生态环境保护和生物资源可持续利用紧密相关的一个全球性社会问题。本文从人口、资源与环境的视点,利用国际贸易的比较优势理论分析了中美食品贸易的意义,得出以下主要结论：首先,应充分利用中国的人力资源成本优势和美国的机械费用优势,发展食品贸易,提高两国人民的福利;其次,为老龄人提供营养丰富的健康食品应成为中美食品贸易发展的机会之一;再次,应充分发挥两国的自然资源禀赋优势,发展食品贸易;最后,中国将成为美国食品贸易的巨大市场,但两国间对食品质量问题有较大的认识差距,因此应在食品贸易的过程中,不断培育绿色食品理念,加强政府间交流与沟通,构建食品安全控制机制。     

中国农产品对外贸易对农业经济增长的贡献--基于1981-2003年数据的实证分析

改革开放以来中国农业经济和农产品对外贸易增长迅速。对二者的相关数据采用出口扩展型总量生产函数模型进行实证分析,结论表明,1982-2003年间中国农产品对外贸易总体对农业经济增长的贡献份额平均为8.19%。虽然平均计算的贡献份额较低,但加入WTO后的最近几年,农产品外贸对农业经济增长的贡献越来越大。由上述结论可解读出若干政策含义。