环境约束下中国旅游业动态效率的测算与分析——基于三阶段Malmquist指数模型的实证分析

将三阶段DEA与Malmquist指数相结合,利用2007—2010年中国31个省级区域的面板数据,对全国、各省级区域、三大地区旅游业的TFP及其分解指数进行了测算与分析。研究结果表明:在剔除了环境变量和随机误差的影响后,中国旅游业的TFP及其分解效率发生了明显变化;居民收入水平、交通便利程度、居民出游偏好和地理区位因素都对中国旅游业的发展效率产生显著影响;在剔除环境变量和随机误差的影响后,2007—2010年期间中国旅游业的TFP呈逐步提升趋势,技术进步是推动旅游业TFP增长的主要动力,技术效率则起抑制作用——这主要源于规模效率水平的下降。     

Analysis on total factor productivity of Chinese provincial economy

This paper applies the nonparametric DEA-Malmquist index approach to estimate total factor productivity growth, efficiency change and the rate of technological progress from 1979 to 2003. This is done to conduct analysis on the total factor productivity of China’s provincial economy. Analysis on the evolution of distribution dynamics of relative labor productivity, relative total factor productivity, relative efficiency and relative technological progress is done by using kernel density estimation for the period from 1979 to 2003 in 29 provinces of China. Our analysis indicates that disparities of provincial economic growth are large and have been increasing owing to the relatively large and increasing disparities of total factor productivity growth especially the rate of technological progress. __________ Translated from The Journal of World Economy (世界经6D4E;), 2005, (5) (in Chinese)     

Tipping participation and expenditures in beauty salons

Research on tipping has been limited to restaurants, tourism and taxis. This study investigates the economic and demographic factors that influence whether a person tips and the amount tipped for a haircut in a beauty salon. Using a two-step model, it is found that both economic and demographic factors influence tipping behaviour. A person is more likely to tip if he/she has long hair, attends to grooming on a frequent basis, has a lower income, and is male. Price, gender, age, and the use of appointments are factors that influence the amount that one tips.     

Public and private inputs in aggregate production and growth: a cross-country efficiency approach

In a cross section of OECD countries, we replace the macroeconomic production function by a production possibility frontier, total factor productivity being the composite effect of efficiency scores and possibility frontier changes. We consider, for the periods 1970, 1980, 1990 and 2000 one output – GDP per worker – and three inputs – human capital, public physical capital per worker and private physical capital per worker. We use a semi-parametric analysis, computing Malmquist productivity indexes, and we also resort to stochastic frontier analysis. Results show that private capital is important for growth, although public and human capital also contribute positively. A governance indicator, a nondiscretionary input, explains inefficiency. Better governance helps countries to achieve a better performance. Nonparametric and parametric results coincide rather closely on the movements of the countries vis-à-vis the possibility frontier and on their relative distances to the frontier.     

Economic liberalization and sources of productivity growth in Indonesian Banks: is it efficiency improvement or technological progress?

This article investigates the sources of productivity growth in the Indonesian banking sector during 23 years period from 1993 to 2015. The industry has gone through several episodes of policy reforms, starting from the radical deregulation in the late 1980s, the restructuring period following the 1997 Asian financial crisis, the consolidation period in the mid-2000s to the economic expansion in the 2010s. Using panel data of 98 commercial banks, we explore productivity growth using Malmquist indices complemented with bootstrapping technique to provide measures of the statistical precision of the results. The Malmquist index measures total factor productivity, efficiency change and technological change. Results show that productivity improves moderately and appears to be less volatile towards the end of the period. Furthermore, efficiency change tends to be the main source of productivity improvement rather than technological change.     

Measuring and forecasting regional environmental and economic efficiency in Italy

Environmental and economic efficiency has being receiving growing attention among researchers. In general terms, this concept is related to the capability of the economic systems to employ natural resources efficiently, so as to increase economic and human wealth. This clearly implies that both the economic and ecological aspects of decisions ought to be considered. Bearing this in mind, this article considers economic and ecological performance together, by applying data envelopment analysis and the Malmquist productivity index to investigate the efficiency of the 20 Italian regions from 2004 to 2011. The results reveal that the northern regions have been more efficient than the southern ones, highlighting the strong geographical differences between the two. Furthermore, this article uses the grey system theory to forecast regional, economic and environmental efficiency. The results of the forecasting analysis show that the north–south duality remains strong and will possibly increase since the regions in the south get worse in term of environmental and economic efficiency.     

关于我国商业银行效率影响因素的分析

运用多元回归分析的方法，对2006年我国商业银行效率的影响因素进行了分析。在回归分析中，首先，选取了代表商业银行产权结构、商业银行的规模、资本结构以及资产质量的指标作为解释变量，以我国商业银行效率建立模型。其次，以2006年我国12家商业银行为样本进行回归分析，在回归分析中为了避免多重共线性，采用了逐步回归的方法。最后，得出产权结构是影响我国商业银行效率的最重要因素，并提出了改善我国商业银行效率的政策建议。     

环境管制与工业生产率增长：东部地区的实证研究

本文运用曼奎斯特—卢恩伯格生产率指数,测度了2000-2007年东部工业在考虑SO2和不考虑SO2排放情况下的效率、生产率增长及其成份的增长率,并且估计出了环境管制给企业带来的成本。结果发现：上海和广东处于生产前沿;考虑SO2排放后,生产率增长率下降;天津的生产率增长、技术效率增长率和技术进步率都最高,北京环境污染管制的成本最高;FD I投入、国有企业比重、资本劳动比、废气治理投资和环境管制成本对生产率增长都有显著影响。     

Performance and productivity in Islamic and conventional banks: Evidence from the global financial crisis

We assess the performance and productivity of Islamic and conventional banks using financial ratios, a two- and a four-component meta-frontier Malmquist productivity index (MPI). We focus on the relatively homogenous GCC region over the 2006–2012 period that covers the global financial crisis. We find that Islamic banks exhibit worse cost and profit performance but are on a par with regards to revenue performance compared to the conventional ones. The components of the meta-frontier MPI suggest that the technology of conventional banks improves markedly in years leading to the financial crisis and declines thereafter. Islamic banks show a similar but more muted pattern. By contrast, the pronounced within-Islamic bank group variation in technical efficiency and technology suggests that Islamic banks are quite heterogeneous as a group. Overall, the MPI analysis suggests that the two bank types are more aligned following the global financial crisis. Policy makers should be wary of the important variations within the Islamic banking industry when implementing bank regulations.     

我国区域金融效率测度及效率差异研究

运用数据包络分析法（DEA）测度了1995--2009年我国区域金融效率,并用基尼系数和泰尔指数分别从省际和区际层面衡量了我国区域金融效率差异。结果显示,我国金融效率整体水平较低,金融效率区域差异不大。金融效率及效率差异都呈现出了明显的两阶段特征,其中2002年是转折点。2002年后,各地区金融效率都有了一定程度的提高,与此同时,金融效率区域差异开始收敛。区域金融效率差异的分解结果显示,区域内金融效率差异是区域金融效率总差异的主要原因,平均贡献率超过了75％。     

基于DEA的安徽省人力资源开发和利用效率研究

采用数据包络分析（DEA）方法，对安徽省2000～2013年的人力资源开发和利用情况进行分析，研究结果表明：安徽省人力资源开发和利用纯技术效率较高，但其技术效率和规模效率整体上并不是很高。为此，应逐步削除人力资源流动进程中的体制障碍，构建多元化的人力资源投资模式，积极推进人力资源合理配置的多元化和信息化进程。     

中国烟草加工企业技术效率分析——基于参数方法与非参数方法的对比研究

针对中国烟草加工企业因规模扩张而出现的管理效率低下等问题,使用2000--2006年企业层面的截面数据,运用参数方法和非参数方法测算了中国烟草加工企业的技术效率,并对两种方法的测算结果进行了比较分析。结果表明：两种测算结果存在较高的相关性,测算结果比较可靠;2000--2006年中国烟草加工企业的平均技术效率为0．74～0．79,具有稳步上升趋势;行业整体规模效率较高,但规模报酬递减的企业所占的比重有所增大。     

Innovation and productivity in the food vs. the high-tech manufacturing sector

ABSTRACT

The food sector is considered a mature industry characterized by low research and development (R&D) intensity. Nevertheless, food companies face numerous challenges and cannot do without innovation activity if they want to keep their competitiveness. In this study, we examine the impact of innovation on labor productivity in European food companies and compare it to results for firms operating in high-tech sectors. The central motivation of our study is that the low R&D intensity observed in the food sector should be mirrored in different productivity effects of innovation when compared to the high-tech sector. We use microdata from the European Union's ‘Community Innovation Survey’ (CIS) and apply an endogeneity-robust multi-stage model that has been applied by various recent studies. Our results point out major differences between the examined subsectors. While we find strong positive effects of innovation on labor productivity for food firms, we find insignificant effects in the high-tech sector. This might suggest that the returns to innovation might be best evaluated separately by sector rather than for the manufacturing sector as a whole.     

我国寿险业经营效率与银行保险的贡献分析

当前,银行保险已成为我国仅次于个人代理之后的第二大营销渠道,对寿险公司经营的影响日益显著,但银行保险能否提升寿险公司的经营效率呢?本文以我国寿险公司2004年和2005年的相关数据,采用数据包络分析法(Data Envelopment Analysis,DEA)探讨寿险公司之经营效率,并进一步利用Tobit回归方法分析银行保险业务对寿险公司经营效率的影响.     

Dynamic productivity growth and its determinants in the Indonesian food and beverages industry

ABSTRACT

This research investigates dynamic productivity growth and its determinants in the Indonesian food and beverages industry decomposing dynamic productivity growth into the contributions of dynamic technical inefficiency change, dynamic technical change, and dynamic scale inefficiency change. The empirical application employs unbalanced panel data of 44 subsectors in the Indonesian food and beverages industry over 1990–2014. To estimate dynamic productivity growth, this research uses a Luenberger indicator accounting for the presence of adjustment costs. The results show that dynamic productivity growth exhibits a decreasing trend. Dynamic technical inefficiency change and dynamic scale inefficiency change contribute positively to dynamic productivity growth, while dynamic technical change contributes negatively. Dynamic productivity growth is affected by the change in industrial concentration, the growth rate of capital intensity, the growth rate of exports, the growth rate of foreign direct investment, and location.     

数据包络分析在安徽省环境效率评价中的应用

利用DEA模型对安徽省16个城市2010—2012年的环境效率进行了评价分析。结果表明安徽省16个城市之间的环境效率差别明显,铜陵、马鞍山、合肥、淮南和滁州位于前沿面上,其他城市均处于弱DEA有效。综合经济与环境两方面合成将全省16个市划分为四个区域,即经济高产出环境高效率区域、经济高产出环境低效率区域、经济低产出环境低效率区域和经济低产出环境高效率区域。结合环境效率的影响因素给出提高环境效率的相关政策建议。     

供销社系统再生资源经营模式技术经济效率评价——基于珠三角地区调研分析

截至2008年,珠三角地区供销社系统内部在再生资源经营方面已全面形成了以行政街、中心镇为单位,形成社区回收、市场集散交易中心和综合利用处理三级网络的再生资源经营模式。为准确客观把握该模式的实施效果,研究采用数据包络分析法的玛尔姆奎斯特生产率指数分析法,对60家珠三角地区供销社系统内从事再生资源经营公司2009年和2010年的技术经济效率进行综合评价。研究结果表明,当前该模式下再生资源经营公司的技术经济效率维持在较高水平,但技术经济效率有回落迹象,且不同情况的公司技术经济效率呈现较大差异。     

Measuring Efficiency: A Comparison of Multilevel Modelling and Data Envelopment Analysis in the Context of Higher Education

Data envelopment analysis (DEA) and multilevel modelling (MLM) are applied to a data set of 54,564 graduates from UK universities in 1993 to assess whether the choice of technique affects the measurement of universities’ performance. A methodology developed by Thanassoulis and Portela (2002; Education Economics, 10(2), pp. 183–207) allows each individual's DEA efficiency score to be decomposed into two components: one attributable to the university at which the student studied and the other attributable to the individual student. From the former component, a measure of each institution's teaching efficiency is derived and compared to the university effects from various multilevel models. The comparisons are made within four broad subjects: pure science, applied science, social science and arts. The results show that the rankings of universities derived from the DEA efficiencies which measure the universities’ own performance (i.e., having excluded the efforts of the individuals) are not strongly correlated with the university rankings derived from the university effects of the multilevel models. The data were also used to perform a university‐level DEA. The university efficiency scores derived from these DEAs are largely unrelated to the scores from the individual‐level DEAs, confirming a result from a smaller data set (Johnes, 2006a; European Journal of Operational Research, forthcoming). However, the university‐level DEAs provide efficiency scores which are generally strongly related to the university effects of the multilevel models.     

我国政策性银行的DEA效率分析

本文采用DEA方法对2000—2007年我国三家政策性银行——中国农业发展银行、国家开发银行和中国进出口银行的DEA效率进行了分析。研究结果表明:首先,国家开发银行的技术效率、纯技术效率和规模效率在三家政策性银行中表现最好,农业发展银行的表现最差;其次,造成政策性银行低效率的很大原因在于规模低效率;最后,我国政策性银行的财务可持续能力相对较差。     

Measuring Productive Efficiency in Input–Output Models by Means of Data Envelopment Analysis

The goal of the present research is to evaluate productive efficiency in an input–output framework by means of data envelopment analysis (DEA). This mathematical programming technique allows researchers to assess potential efficiency improvements in the form of input requirements reduction. By constructing envelopment unitary isoquants corresponding to comparable sectors across different local, regional or national economies, e.g. agriculture and manufacturing, DEA identifies as productive benchmarks those economies that exhibit the lowest technical coefficients, i.e. lowest input amount to produce one unit of output. Once these reference frontiers have been defined, it is possible to assess what would be the potential efficiency improvements available to the inefficient economies if they were to produce according to the best practice technologies of their benchmark peers. From an equivalent perspective, these simulations identify the necessary changes that each productive sector needs to undertake in order to reach the efficiency levels of the most successful economies. Finally, within Leontief’s analytical construction, these calculations allow us to assess what would have been the economy‐wid,e benefits for the inefficient economies—in terms of intermediate consumption reductions and final demand increases—of producing with best practice technologies. The model is empirically illustrated using the input–output tables for a set of OECD countries.