Overlooked alternatives in managerial investment decisions: a reply

Some empirical evidence on the question of product differentiation in the market for audits is presented. Using agency cost and signalling frameworks we posit that there will be a demand for varying levels of audit quality. Because audit quality is not directly observable to investors we postulate that quality will be proxied by the auditor's brand name reputation. Big Eight auditors are categorized as being high quality producers. Using data on companies newly listing on the New Zealand Stock Exchange we test the derived models of auditor choice. Auditor choice is a dummy variable (0,1) partitioned on the basis of non Big Eight and Big Eight accounting firms. The results provide support for the idea of product differentiation in the market for audits.     

A Q-theory model with lumpy investment

We present an analytically tractable dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model that incorporates micro-level fixed and convex adjustment costs. We provide an explicit characterization of equilibrium dynamics by a system of nonlinear stochastic difference equations. We provide general conditions under which our model features investment lumpiness at the microeconomic level, but aggregate dynamics are isomorphic to those in a Q-theory model without fixed costs. This theoretical result is independent of the specification of the fixed cost distribution and also holds true when firms face persistent idiosyncratic productivity shocks.     

Twice constrained investment under uncertainty: A mixed time model

This paper explores the investment decision of a firm facing both an irreversibility constraint and a financial constraint on investment. I show that, for all but the fastest growing firms, the planned investment delaying impact of an irreversibility constraint dominates the planned investment accelerating impact of a financing constraint. This result is especially likely to hold in a reality where firms have a variety of strategies not modeled here, from holding cash reserves to taking on debt, that can mitigate the financing constraint.     

A model of collateral, investment, and adverse selection

This paper characterizes the relationship between entrepreneurial wealth and aggregate investment under adverse selection. Its main finding is that such a relationship need not be monotonic. In particular, three results emerge from the analysis: (i) pooling equilibria, in which investment is independent of entrepreneurial wealth, are more likely to arise when entrepreneurial wealth is relatively low; (ii) separating equilibria, in which investment is increasing in entrepreneurial wealth, are most likely to arise when entrepreneurial wealth is relatively high and; (iii) for a given interest rate, an increase in entrepreneurial wealth may generate a discontinuous fall in investment.     

A Schumpeterian model of investment and innovation with labor market regulation

Theoretical and empirical models provide ambiguous responses on the relationship between labor market regulation, innovation and investment. On the one hand, labor market regulation increases firms' adjustment costs and, ceteris paribus, decreases investment. But, on the other, it also stimulates firms to invest, innovate, increase productivity and profit in the long run. In this paper we present an endogenous growth model that describes the role of these opposite forces, and why a stricter labor market regulation may positively affect innovation and investment in the long run. Most of the theoretical and empirical results hold for Italy, Germany, France, and Spain.     

Equipment and non-equipment private investment: a generalized Solow model

The study is an empirical attempt to shed light on which categories of private fixed investment could be relied on to provide the greatest stimulus to economic growth. Panel data, comprising 5-year periodic data over the period 1965–90 pooled across 55 countries, are employed in estimating the model through the fixed-effect technique. In addition to human capital investment ratio, five categories of private fixed investment ratios are tested for. Findings suggest that not all types of investments are conducive to growth.     

Growth,convergence and public investment. A Bayesian model averaging approach

The aim of this study is twofold. First, the determinants of economic growth are studied among a wide set of potential variables for the Spanish provinces (NUTS3). Among others, various types of private, public and human capital in the group of growth factors are included. Also, it is analysed whether Spanish provinces have converged in economic terms in recent decades. The second objective is to obtain cross-section and panel data parameter estimates that are robust to model specification. For this purpose, a Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) approach is used. Bayesian methodology constructs parameter estimates as a weighted average of linear regression estimates for every possible combination of included variables. The weight of each regression estimate is given by the posterior probability of each model.     

The overlooked costs of the permanent war economy: A market process approach

How does the permanent war economy interact, and subsume, the private, non-military economy? Can the two remain at a distance while sharing resource pools? This paper argues that they cannot. Once the U.S. embarked upon the path of permanent war, starting with World War II, the result was a permanent war economy. The permanent war economy continuously draws resources into the military sector at the expense of the private economy, even in times of peace. We explore the overlooked costs of this process. The permanent war economy does not just transfer resources from the private economy, but also distorts and undermines the market process which is ultimately responsible for improvements in standards of living.     

Governance and foreign direct investment: a panel gravity model approach

This paper investigates the link between governance and foreign direct investment in the case of 14 transition countries by using a panel gravity model approach in two alternative ways. First, the level of governance in the target country is studied. Second, the absolute difference in the governance level between the source and target country is investigated. In both cases the results suggest that the lack of good governance does not deter, in fact it encourages, foreign direct investment.     

Foreign investment and migration: analytics and extensions of the basic model

"This paper provides a unified approach to the basic model of international factor mobility. The use of new graphical techniques complements the algebraic exposition to underscore the persistence of the Ramaswami effect which pushes an active, home country toward a near 'buy-out' of the foreign country's internationally mobile factors of production. By generalizing the Ramaswami function, which identifies the gains associated with moving to near buy-out, we are able to explore the forces at work that mitigate such a strategy and lead to situations in which only a partial buy-out, or even no acquisition of foreign factors is optimal. These features are developed in a context in which (i) technologies differ between countries or (ii) there exists a third, immobile factor of production."     

Leverage,managerial monitoring and firm valuation: A simultaneous equation approach

The paper examines how leverage and managerial ownership relate to firm valuation. It is argued that both leverage (which serves as an external monitoring function) and managerial ownership (which serves as an internal monitoring function) affect firm value, while internal monitoring by managers and external monitoring through debt were viewed as substitutes or complements. After controlling for the effect of exogenous variables, the results reveal the existence of a substitution monitoring effect between debt and the managerial group. Additionally, firm valuation is found to exert a significant influence on managerial ownership and vice versa. Robustness tests indicate a weak but growing role of bank debt as a disciplinary mechanism.     

科技创业企业的风险投资项目价值评估模型

科技创业企业的价值是通过研究与开发、规模化生产、市场拓展、创业的经营管理、战略发展规划、资本市场上市等过程逐步动态体现的,为此,在对科技创业企业进行价值评估时,必须考虑风险投资对创业企业分阶段投资的行为特征,[1](1-27)本文以实物期权理论为基础,结合科技创业企业及风险投资行为过程的特质,构建了基于科技创业企业的风险投资项目价值评估模型;希望能够对科技创业项目的风险投资价值评估提供有益的参考.     

Complementarities and costly investment in a growth model

We develop a one-sector growth model whose key aspect is the combination of the assumptions of internal costly investment in capital and complementarities between capital goods in the production function. Despite the nonlinearity generated by these assumptions, the model delivers a single equilibrium.      

企业定期投资与分红的数学模型

在企业资金增长率不变情况下,分析了企业定期分红,企业定期分红与定期投资数学模型的性质．给出了企业只考虑分红时分红比例的取值范围,也说明了定期投资对企业稳定增长的重要性．     

企业定期投资与分红的数学模型

在企业资金增长率不变情况下,分析了企业定期分红,企业定期分红与定期投资数学模型的性质给出了企业只考虑分红时分红比例的取值范围,也说明了定期投资对企业稳定增长的重要性.     

Nonprofit organizations, privatization and the mixed economy: A managerial economics perspective

This paper is divided into two parts. The first illustrates the present characteristics and future prospects for the development of the third sector in Italy. It then examines the social context in which the third sector develops not only in Italy but also in the rest of Europe. The theoretical perspective that seems to be the most appropriate to the dimensions the third sector has taken on in most Western countries is that of dynamic complementarity between state agencies, for-profit organizations and nonprofit organizations. In order to foster economic and social innovation, there is a need for collaboration and complementarity of roles among organizations of different types. An economic policy implemented on a rational basis should select its own intervention instruments after building a set of strategic and organizational alternatives, avoiding the exclusive adoption of only one of these, as happened at the time of the almost unlimited provision of state aid to enterprises and with the unproductive rescues of ailing public enterprises.     

A disequilibrium model of investment,working capital and borrowing for the UK company sector

This paper develops a dynamic optimization model which allows a simultaneous determination of optimal fixed investment, employment, working capital investment and financial policies. Subsequently, the system of inter-related dynamic demand equations derived from the model, combined with price expectations formation behavior, is applied to UK quoted manufacturing companies classified into industry groups at a 2-digit level SIC Orders 1968). The methodology adopted is along the lines of the ‘new’ microeconomics. The model allows relative factor prices and financial risk effects to be estimated directly and its overall performance is satisfactory. The best equations are obtained when expectations are generated with the Integrating Moving Average Process (0, 1, 1).     

A grey decision and prediction model for investment in the core competitiveness of product development

Because enterprises do not disclose their internal specific cost information to the public and, moreover, every firm has its own product character and financial constitutions, it is difficult to offer fixed guidelines for investment decisions. Thus, an enterprise may be uncertain when required to choose the most promising set of possible investments.The goal of this research is to use a grey relation analysis and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to probe the core product development and competitiveness of an enterprise from limited data and, furthermore, by constructing the grey model, GM(1,1), to validate the feasibility of this assessment of the core competitiveness and investment strategy. In this study, a precision mechanical manufacturer is taken as an example, and the forecast estimate from this method is compared to those of a linear regression and the actual values to demonstrate the feasibility of applying this methodology to investment decision making, hence, demonstrating the value of this research.     

教化投资:人力资本投资的新形式

本文针对现有的人力资本理论将人力资本投资形式局限于教育、培训、医疗、保健和迁移,而对其他投资形式关注不足的现实,认为适应于现代经济生活相关的思想观念、价值取向和道德规范,需要相关投入才会形成,这些投入也是人力资本投资不可或缺的形式,笔者将其概括为教化投资。经济转型过程凸显了教化投资的重要性。教化投资增强了人力资本的资源配置能力,在扩大个体人力资本存量的同时,还提升了社会经济价值,增加了社会资本。