Financial characteristics of Australian initial public offerings from 1994 to 1999

A variety of financial characteristics of Australian initial public offerings (IPOs) for the period 1994–1999 are explored. A number of previous Australian studies have investigated the initial day underpricing and longer term underperformance of IPOs and this study updates those papers. This paper partitions the IPO data into no liability/limited liability; share option/no share option; underwriter option/no underwriter option and dividend reinvestment/no dividend reinvestment characteristics to better understand the types of IPOs that list on the Australian Stock Exchange. The data supports the findings of previous studies in that IPOs are underpriced at the time of listing and underperform the market in the first year following their listing.     

Underpricing of venture backed IPOs: a meta-analysis approach

ABSTRACT

Listing firms are subject to underpricing mainly because of asymmetries of information, but IPOs backed by a venture capitalist are generally found to be subject to less underpricing. Although this condition is commonly verified by the empirical evidence, a consistent number of studies finds contrasting results. This paper aims to answer to the question: do venture capitalists effectively reduce underpricing at IPO? Evidence provides a negative answer, with venture-backed IPOs having higher underpricing especially in US markets. Meta-regression results confirm the different effect of VC between US and European IPOs. Results overall suggest that other explanations on underpricing might hold in US markets.     

Detecting hot and cold cycles using a Markov regime switching model—Evidence from the Chinese A-share IPO market

This paper focuses on detecting hot and cold IPO cycles in the Chinese A-share market using a Markov regime switching model. We introduce a set of observations to measure IPO activities, which include numbers of IPOs issued, levels of underpricing, market conditions and duration time from prospectus and listing, and thus establish a model to estimate these activities' average performance in hot and cold periods respectively. It is found that a hot period is related with an abundant supply of IPOs, high levels of underpricing, positive market conditions and short waiting time to listing after prospectus issue. Further, this paper depicts the turning points of hot and cold periods across the period from 1994 to 2005 for each observation. The cycles detected by the number of IPOs per month are the benchmark and then these cycles' robustness is tested by the other observations.     

Priced on the note: the case of Japanese IPOs

ABSTRACT

This article examines the pricing of Japanese IPOs: 54.26% are priced in 1,000 Japanese yen increments (The Japanese yen (JPY) has denominations of banknotes and coins. Banknotes are in 1,000, 2,000, 5,000, and 10,000-yen. Coins are in 1, 5, 10, 50, 100, and 500-yen. One thousand banknotes are similar to US $10 dollars. Coins are considered as changes in Japan.) (note-ending IPOs), an economically large increment on a per-share basis that is equivalent to 10 US dollar increments assuming an exchange rate of 1 US dollar to 100 Japanese yen. The number of note-ending IPOs increases with price levels and pricing uncertainty, supporting the negotiation hypothesis. Note-ending IPOs are associated with higher volatility, higher underwriters’ fees, wider filing price range, smaller deal size, shorter firm age, and lower underwriter reputation. Price clustering contributes to IPO underpricing. The initial returns are 60.44% higher for note-ending relative to coin-ending IPOs. These results shed light on the pricing of Japanese IPOs due to negotiations and on investment opportunities with note-ending IPOs.     

风险投资参与对中资企业首次公开发行折价的影响——不同证券市场的比较

本文考察中资企业在不同市场上市时风险投资的参与是否影响首次公开发行折价。研究发现,在大陆中小板和香港主板市场上市的中资企业中,有风险投资参与的企业IPO折价显著高于无风险投资参与的企业,支持声誉效应假说,即风险投资机构以IPO折价来提早退出投资项目,以此来建立自己的声誉,吸引更多的资金流入。在美国市场风险投资的参与对IPO折价则没有显著影响。本文进一步研究发现从业时间短的风险投资机构,其参与投资的公司上市时的历史也较短;风险投资进入企业的时间越长,IPO折价水平也越高。这两个检验都验证了风险投资机构通过IPO折价提早退出投资项目,进一步支持了声誉效应假说。     

IPOs’ signalling effects for speculative stock detection: evidence from the Stock Exchange of Thailand

Using a unique data set from the Thai stock market about the so-called, ‘Turnover List (TOL)’ of speculative stocks spanning the period 2004–2012, we investigate and provide new evidence on the relationship between IPOs’ pricing effects and subsequent classification as speculative investments. To be more specific, we examine the signalling effects for the detection of speculative stocks in relation to the degree of their prior IPOs underpricing. We also employ the market-feedback hypothesis to investigate this signalling process. Our results reveal a significant positive relationship between the magnitudes of the IPO underpricing and the probability of an IPO firm being classified officially as speculative on the TOL. Furthermore, we find that a 6-month abnormal return after going public increases the probability of speculative dealing in the IPOs. Next, we consider all listed firms in the Thai stock market and highlight the role of both abnormal return and trading volume in the transmission of probability for appearing on the TOL. In addition, we find that IPOs and non-dividend paying companies further increase the risk of being on the TOL.     

Price clustering of IPOs in the secondary market

This article studies the integer price clustering of Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) in the secondary market trading during the first 240 trading days after their IPO dates. The results indicate the huge difference between the integer price frequency of IPOs in the primary market and that of matched stocks in the secondary market almost disappears on the first trading day after IPO. The integer price frequency of IPOs is still significantly higher than that of matched stocks during the first 240 trading days. However, after controlling for price level, trading characteristics and IPO price support, the integer price frequency of IPOs conforms to that of matched stocks and that those IPOs with integer offer prices have the same integer price frequency as IPOs without.     

The impact of pre-IPO performance pressure on research and development investments of an IPO firm: Evidence from China

We derive a simple model to show that pre-IPO performance pressure has a negative impact on an IPO applicant's research and development investments. The findings from the Chinese IPOs in the growth enterprise market (GEM) are consistent with the model's predictions. Further analysis suggests that when the time to listing is shorter, the adverse impact of performance pressure on R&D investments is stronger. While the objective of the GEM is to encourage innovative firms to raise new capital via IPOs to enhance their innovations in the future, the cutting of R&D investments to enhance the probability of receiving IPO approval defeats the purpose. Our findings suggest that it may be useful for a regulatory authority to consider multi-dimensional criteria in IPO approvals for GEMs instead of heavily relying on the pre-IPO performance to sustain a healthy IPO market and innovation activities of a country.     

投资银行声誉、IPO质量分布与发行制度创新

本文通过构建投资银行声誉的静、动态分析模型,对投资银行、IPO质量与新股发行抑价之间的关系进行了探讨,并运用统计分析技术和方法,对有关推论进行了实证检验。结果表明:(1)对投资银行的声誉与其承销的IPO质量之间的关系来说,1999年是一个分水岭;(2)影响投资银行声誉的主要因素是其综合竞争力;(3)IPO上市五日抑价与公司业绩缺乏统计上的显著性,而主要受企业规模、发行比例、中签率、新股定价的管制程度、上市地点与时间等因素的影响。     

IPO underpricing and flotation methods in Taiwan – a stochastic frontier approach

Adopting stochastic frontier analysis, this article studies the pricing model and underpricing phenomenon of the initial public offerings (IPOs) in Taiwan and further elucidates the potential impact of offering mechanisms on underpricing. The sampling period is from 1996 to 2003, in which 647 IPOs are selected. Empirical results suggest that issuing firms with greater earning potentials, less risk or less asymmetric information have lower underpricing. Furthermore, the variables included to explain underpricing are mostly significant, especially the proxy variable for flotation method. Observed mean IPO underpricing is 20.59% in the sample period, compared to 17.12% for the subgroup using the auction method. This statistically significant difference implies that the introduction of the auction method can help reduce IPO underpricing.     

What causes the IPO underpricing? New evidence from China’s SME market

ABSTRACT

We study 10-year IPO initial returns in China’s small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) board between 2006 and 2016, including 755 IPO samples. At the same time, we test how policy changes of IPO pricing and trading mechanism affect first-day initial returns. Our article adopts the stochastic frontier approach to estimate the fair value of IPOs and decompose the components of deliberate underpricing and mis-valuation factors, then using linear regressions investigate correlation between first-day initial returns and deliberate underpricing or mis-valuation factors. We find it is mis-valuation factors, especially, the irrational behaviour of individual investors that mainly cause the IPO underpricing in China’s SME market rather than deliberate underpricing. Besides, influenced by IPO pricing policies, the characteristic of IPO pricing varies from period to period.     

风险投资持股对我国上市企业承销费用的影响研究

本文选取我国股权分置改革后2006—2007年A股市场上市公司的数据,检验了风险投资持股因素对于上市企业承销费用的影响。经过多因素线性回归,发现风险投资持股上市企业的承销费率要显著高于非风险投资持股上市企业,这表明风险投资的认证效应当前在我国并不成立;另一方面,剔除行业的影响,发现风险投资持股上市企业的年龄显著小于非风险投资持股上市企业,说明目前我国风险投资行业存在逐名动机。     

The sovereign spread in Asian emerging economies: The significance of external versus internal factors

This paper investigates the dynamic relations between external factors, domestic macroeconomic factors with sovereign spreads, debt to GDP ratio, etc. in Asian emerging countries. First, we develop a theoretical model that determines the equilibrium debt level, probability of default and sovereign spread and draw empirical implications. We then employ a Structural Vector Autoregression (SVAR) model to investigate empirically how the spread of sovereign debt is influenced over time by both external and domestic factors. The empirical results show that variations in sovereign spreads are mainly driven by external shocks, with the term structure of US interest rate and the global risk aversion having the most important role. The findings also indicate that shocks from the US have a direct effect on sovereign spread and an indirect effect via domestic macroeconomic fundamentals. Finally, the evidence produced validates the presence of some response patterns of sovereign spread to the external shocks.     

风险投资与中国IPO公司盈余管理行为的实证研究——基于深圳和香港创业板的数据

本文以2009—2011年间在我国深交所创业板上市的276家以及2002—2011年在港交所创业板上市的108家IPO公司为样本,对风险投资与盈余管理之间的关系进行研究,旨在揭示我国深圳创业板和香港创业板两个市场上,风险投资是否可以约束IPO过程中的盈余管理行为,两个市场上风投的影响程度是否相同。研究发现,在两个创业板市场上,都显著存在正向盈余管理行为,但是风险投资并没有起到认证监督作用,即没有显著抑制上市公司盈余管理行为,风险投资功效在中国市场不显著。     

Information content of lock-up provisions in initial public offerings

An overwhelmingly large proportion of initial public offerings (IPOs) report lock-up provisions that prohibit existing stockholders from selling their shares within a specified period after the offering date. These lock-up periods may last as long as 3 years. Because influential buyers request the lock-up, we conjecture that the length conveys credible information pertinent to the risk of the IPO. Analyzing 729 IPOs from January 1990 to December 1992, we found that the lock-up period signals the issuer's riskiness and that a 180-day lock-up period seems to be the norm. Any departure from the norm suggests more uncertainty about a firm's value and thus results in deeper IPO underpricing as well as a larger underwriter spread. We also found that thin-trading activity occurring shortly after the expiration of the lock-up period is perceived by the market as good news, while heavy trading is regarded as bad news.     

Uncertainty and the macroeconomy: evidence from an uncertainty composite indicator

This article proposes a uncertainty composite indicator (UCI) based on three distinct sources of uncertainty (namely financial, political, and macroeconomic) for the US economy on the period 1985–2015. For that, we use a dynamic factor model, summarizing efficiently six individual uncertainty proxies, namely two macroeconomic and financial uncertainty factors based on the unpredictability, a measure of (micro)economic uncertainty, the implied volatility index, the corporate bond spreads, and an index of economic policy uncertainty. We then compare the effects of uncertainty on economic activity when the UCI is used instead of individual uncertainty proxies in structural VAR models. The interest of our UCI is to synthesize theses effects within one measure of uncertainty. Overall, the UCI was able to account for the most important dynamics of uncertainty which play an important role in business cycles.     

行业收益、国际航运业IPO与船舶融资选择——基于1984～2007年数据分析

在阐述行业收益差异基础上分析影响航运股权融资因素,针对航运企业IPO的不同表现特征选取了1984～2007年间,在主板证券交易所首次发行股票的143家全球航运企业,通过计算超常持有期收益率(BHAR)和累计超常收益率(CAR),分析其短期与长期价格表现。认为航运企业首次公开发行抑价与公司年龄、上市所在交易所的声誉和发行期间市场行情正相关,与承销商声誉负相关;从长期来看,航运企业首次公开发行五个月后表现欠佳。希望通过研究某些体制因素如何影响航运企业IPO抑价,以期对船舶融资选择提供相关建议。     

Monetary policy, macroeconomic adjustment and currency speculation under floating exchange rates: the case of Bulgaria

This paper deals with the Bulgarian experience with exchange rate policy and the related macroeconomic adjustment in the transition period. It is argued that in the context of the Bulgarian macroeconomic environment, the exchange rate regime and the exchange rate policy (or the lack of such) did play a crucial role in determining the patterns of macroeconomic adjustment in this period. A simple general equilibrium model is suggested that provides some insights into the stylized performance of an economy under certain assumptions, similar to those characterizing the transitional state of the Bulgarian economy. Finally, some aspects of Bulgarian macroeconomic performance in recent years are analysed on the basis of the available empirical information and using the framework of the theoretical model. The paper concludes with the policy lessons of this experience.     

Price Clustering of Chinese IPOs: The Impact of Regulation,Cultural Factors,and Negotiation

During June 2009–May 2012, the China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC) suspended window guidance that limits issue prices. Using this regime change as a natural experiment, we test the combined effects of regulation, culture, and negotiation on price clustering of Chinese IPOs. The proportion of IPOs priced on round number 0 increases from 42.58% during sample periods with window guidance to 79.81% during sample period without window guidance, a level similar to that reported in developed markets . Moreover, we document a connection between whole CNY pricing of Chinese IPOs and several uncertainty measures including a unique uncertainty proxy defined as the time gap between the IPO date and the listing date. Second to the round number 0, issuing firms favour number 8 that associates with fortune, particularly during sample periods with window guidance. Our findings that price restrictions limit the power of negotiations but not the influence of cultural factors contributing to the understanding of price formation process.