不同规模农户粮食生产成本效率分析

本文以河南省粮食种植户为研究对象,采用随机前沿分析方法,对不同规模农户粮食生产成本效率以及影响因素进行研究。研究结论表明目前农户粮食生产成本效率普遍较低,并且农户粮食种植规模与成本效率呈负相关关系,农户的粮食生产成本效率随种植规模的扩大而降低。农户年龄、文化程度、劳动力投入数量、粮地单位面积和农用固定资产投资对粮食生产成本效率具有影响。     

Market efficiency in the Spanish derivatives markets: An empirical analysis

This paper analyzes Granger caUSAlity between daily prices of the Spanish stock index (Ibex 35) and its futures contract using Johansen cointegration methodology. The study differentiates between short-run and long-run caUSAlity. The empirical results prove that, in the short run, the futures price causes the spot price. However, the opposite is not true. On the other hand, long-run caUSAlity is embodied in the response of futures prices after deviations from the long-run equilibrium. These results say that during the period of study, the Spanish futures market behaved as an efficient market.     

Temporary employment and segmentation in the Spanish labour market: An empirical analysis through the study of wage differentials

We aim to add empirical evidence to the already studied field of wage differentials between temporary and permanent workers in Spain. Our goal is to find out which determinants of wage differentials are relevant when explaining such differences. Furthermore, the endogeneity of such feature (the type of contract) is controlled for. The same exercise is done with two data sets: the ECHP and the Structure of Earnings Survey. Results show that wage differentials between temporary and permanent workers are explained by the differences in the distribution of personal and job characteristics in both groups, but not by differences in the rewards for those characteristics. These results remain mostly unchanged during the second part of the 1990s, using information from five waves of the ECHP, and are robust to different changes in the econometric specification.JEL Classification: J31, J41The authors would like to thank the participants in the 3rd Summer School of Labour Economics (organised by IZA in Amersee, Munich), in a seminar in the University of Alcalá and in another seminar in the European University Institute in Florence and especially Alison Booth, Luis Toharia, Juan F. Jimeno, Juan José Dolado and two anonymous referees for their helpful comments and suggestions. Florentino Felgueroso kindly helped us with the handling of data. The usual disclaimer applies. The ECHP is being used on behalf of the contract reference ECHP/15/00 between the University of Alcalá and EUROSTAT.     

Directional measurement of technical efficiency of production: An axiomatic approach

This contribution revisits the debate on the axiomatic properties satisfied by various radial versus non-radial measures of technical efficiency in production. This issue arises whenever isoquant and efficient subset of technology diverge and hence traditional radial measurement does not comply with Koopmans' definition of technical efficiency. This axiomatic approach to technical efficiency measurement is revisited within the framework of the more recently introduced directional distance function. This analysis provides the opportunity to define some new directional efficiency measures.     

产业规制的配置效率与生产效率

世界各国政府针对自然垄断产业所实施的各种类型的规制及其效应,集中体现在配置效率与生产效率两个方面,其政策导向在配置效率与生产效率之间游离取舍的事实,显示了这两种效率及其关联的重要性。通过对这两种效率受政府产业规制影响的相关性分析,可以发现不同的政府规制模式影响或约束这两种效率出现不同组合的一般机理,在此基础上,结合我国政府对自然垄断产业规制的实际,对这两种效率的不同取舍进行了比较。     

An analysis of the impact of unionization on efficiency: evidence from a meta-frontier analysis

This article examines the impact of unions on the efficiency of establishments in the manufacturing industry by comparing the results from two different empirical strategies: stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) and meta-frontier analysis (MFA). While SFA concludes that union establishments show higher technological efficiency, the results are the opposite when estimating production functions with MFA. In SFA, unionized establishments appear to be more efficient because they remain closer to their own production frontier; however, in MFA – where groups with heterogeneous technology can be compared – we find that nonunionized establishments are more efficient because they are closer to the meta-frontier than their unionized counterparts.     

1961—2010年世界马肉生产与效率分析

随国内马产业发展,如何定位产业方向即成为一个关键节点。因此,借助世界粮农组织数据库资料,研究世界各国马肉生产情况,通过对马肉产出、效率、地位三方面的分析,揭示了马产业中马肉生产的变化特征。     

An econometric model of production with endogenous improvement in energy efficiency, 1970-1995

The purpose of this paper is to introduce a modification of a standard four input production process where energy is used in an inefficient way due partly to unnecessary waste of energy. In this production process, R&D investment is an additional input in order to improve energy efficiency. It closes the gap between energy purchased and energy used effectively. The more is invested, the less is the waste of energy. With the cost and benefit of R&D investment incorporated in our model of the firm, we analyse the impact of an energy tax on R&D effort, on output and on the waste of energy. The model is implemented empirically by choosing a translog cost function and a set of first-order conditions, using data for the German chemical industry, 1970-1995. In a simulation study based on higher energy prices we found outsourcing as the consequent reaction of the firm- more material is used and less of energy, labour, and capital, given the unchanged output level. There is no indication of a double dividend in terms of environmental improvement as well as higher demand for labour on the industry level calling for a computable general equilibrium approach in order to answer this open question.     

Optimal monetary policy: distribution efficiency versus production efficiency

This paper investigates the trade‐off between distribution effect and production effect of monetary policy when there exist unobservable idiosyncratic liquidity shocks. In the absence of risk‐sharing arrangements such as a credit market, monetary policy serves to provide ex post insurance to smooth consumption. Specifically, issuing interest‐bearing bonds restores credit transactions on money through bond‐money exchanges. Such a policy has a positive distribution effect, but the resulting inflation hampers production efficiency. It is demonstrated that the trade‐off between distribution efficiency gain and production efficiency loss would result in net welfare enhancement if consumers are relative‐risk‐averse enough.     

解析中国菜篮子经济

菜篮子经济的提出，是富有中国特色的农副产品市场体系的战略选择，是菜篮子工程计划的延伸和发展，它的经济内涵和政策内容尚处于初期探索阶段。菜篮子经济提出的背景菜篮子经济是在“菜篮子工程”计划目标基本实现的基础上，为适应社会经济形势的变化和可持续发展的要求，是对建设有竞争力的农副产品市场体系的延伸和发展。20世纪80年代中期，我国城镇居民食品消费水平大幅提高，消费重心由主食转向副食，农副产品需求数量快速增加；而供给水平受农业产业结构调整缓慢的影响，滞后于需求的增长。农副产品供需矛盾日益突出。在此背景下，19…     

An empirical analysis of production distortions in the mid-Atlantic surf clam and ocean quahog fishery

This paper presents empirical evidence of production distortions under controlled access management in the Mid-Atlantic surf clam and ocean quahog fishery. Results indicate that vessels harvested multiple clam species even though the harvest technology exhibits diseconomies of scope. Vessels also operated in a region of the production surface where the marginal product of vessel capital services was negative. These distortions are explained by perverse regulations which restricted vessel capital replacement and severely limited fishing times.     

A comparative analysis of inter-industry wage differentials: industrialized versus developing countries

This study aims to compare the available evidence on inter-industry wage structure for industrialized and developing countries and to find whether the industry wage differentials are consistent and stable independent of time and space. Moreover, it tries to clarify some of the determinants of industry wage differentials. International evidence supports the wage differential regularity across countries, and the factors underlying inter-industry wage differentials are found to be more or less the same for both industrialized and developing countries.     

Wage differentials by sector and gender: a quantile analysis for the Spanish case

This paper analyses existing wage differentials between workers in the public and private sectors and by gender in Spain. This analysis is run throughout the entire earnings distribution and observed wage differentials are decomposed into a part explained by differences in productive characteristics and a part due to differences in returns to such characteristics. Our results show that public sector workers tend to earn higher wages than private employees, although most of this sector wage gap is due to better public workers’ productive characteristics. A wage premium in favour of men is also found in both the public and private sectors, with the gender wage gap greater at the top of the earnings distribution.     

An economic efficiency study on different regions of Ghana via Slack-based data envelopment analysis and regression analysis

In this article, we evaluate the efficiency of the 10 different regions of Ghana using slack-based data envelopment analysis, a nonparametric linear programming technique. Furthermore, we analyse the variable effects on the efficiency of the regions by various regression models using bootstrap sampling technique. The data come from the 1991/1992 and 1998/1999 Ghana Living Standards Survey. Our results show that wealth is not strongly related to efficiency. For example, the study indicates that the Brong–Ahafo region is the most efficient region but not the most wealthy in Ghana. Generally, urban regions are not found to be among the most efficient regions due to the high expenditures. The regression analysis shows that female heads of household have an overall positive effect on efficiency. In addition, any form of education obtained is also found to have a significant positive effect on efficiency.     

Trajectories in human domination of ecosystems: Human appropriation of net primary production in the Philippines during the 20th century

The “human appropriation of net primary production” (HANPP) has been suggested as a comprehensive indicator to measure impacts of human land use on ecosystems. It accounts for (a) human-induced changes in biological productivity and (b) biomass harvest. This study presents an analysis of aboveground HANPP in the Philippines between 1910 and 2003, a period characterized by massive deforestation and increases in land use intensity and biomass extraction. Results show a steep increase of aboveground HANPP from just below 35% of potential productivity in 1910 to slightly above 60% in 1970 and constant values since then. Large-scale changes in land cover and agricultural practices were the main direct determinants of this trajectory in HANPP. Remarkably, HANPP grew at much slower pace than population did: While the amount of NPP appropriated by humans doubled throughout the period, population increased by a factor ten. Increasing efficiency in terms of biomass extraction per unit of area, relying on ever-increasing inputs, and changes in the nation's physical biomass trade balance were of major importance for this difference in growth rates. In the coming decades, the Philippines will have to face the challenge to meet increases in biomass demand without putting even higher strains on the ecosystems.     

Assessing the relative efficiency of agricultural production units in the Blackland Prairie,Texas

The hypotheses that endogenous credit constraints based on fluctuating asset values and cash flow prolong and accentuate US cattle cycles; and that more diversified cow-calf firms are less affected by this phenomenon are tested. Breeding cattle inventories are an interesting example to study credit constraints because they are among the most cyclical of economic time-series, firms have heterogeneous diversification levels, and they avoid many of the problems with previous investment-cash flow sensitivities studies noted by Kaplan and Zingales. The results are consistent with earlier credit constraint studies, i.e. breeding cattle inventories are sensitive to shifting credit constraint regimes and cow-calf firms with higher diversification levels are less affected by credit constraints.     

Generalized measures of wage differentials

This paper considers measures of wage differentials not solely determined by mean comparisons but summarizing differences across complete wage distributions. The approach builds on considerations of risk or inequality aversion and on standard expected utility concepts. In an application to the gender pay gap in Luxembourg the disadvantage of women persists according to the proposed measures: lower mean wages for women are not compensated by differences in higher moments of wage distributions (e.g., by less dispersion) at least for realistic assumptions about women preferences toward risk and inequality. The paper also illustrates an original empirical model for wage distributions in the presence of covariates and under endogenous labour market participation.