Ticket pricing and the impression of excess demand

If willingness to pay depends on characteristics of other attendees, a monopolist will use a lineup as a screening mechanism only if a consumer's characteristic is inversely related to her cost of lining up. No capacity constraint is necessary.     

Network externalities, discrete demand shifts, and submarginal‐cost pricing

Abstract.  The introduction of a new product often causes a massive (discrete) demand shift to the new product. This study demonstrates that if a large‐scale demand shift to a new product is accompanied by network externalities, it may result in 'submarginal‐cost pricing,' by which the seller sets its price below the marginal cost. This finding casts new light on dumping and safeguard issues in the real world. JEL classification: D42     

On the non-existence of a marginal cost pricing equilibrium and the Ioffe normal cone

This paper is Chapter II of the author's Ph. D. thesis, being written at the University of Illinois. The author is indebted to M. Ali Kahn for his guidance, to R. Vohra for a valuable conversation and to an ananonymous referee for comments. The author was informed by M. Ali Khan that, subsequent to the submission of this paper, a similar example was independently announced by B. Cornet. — As usual, all remaining errors are the author's.     

Manufacturer's pricing strategy in a two-level supply chain with competing retailers and advertising cost dependent demand

The paper studies a two-echelon supply chain comprising one manufacturer and two competing retailers with advertising cost dependent demand. The manufacturer acts as the Stackelberg leader who specifies wholesale price for each retailer. The two retailers compete with each other in advertising and they have different sales costs. The manufacturer uses one of the following two pricing strategies: (i) setting the same wholesale price for both the retailers irrespective of the difference in their sales costs; (ii) setting different wholesale prices for the retailers depending on their sales costs. Two models are developed. In the first model, the manufacturer shares a fraction of each retailer's advertising cost while in the second model, the manufacturer does not share any retailer's advertising expenses. In both the models, we derive the retailers' and manufacturer's optimal strategies. A numerical example is given to illustrate the theoretical results developed in each model. Computational results show that it is always beneficial for the manufacturer to adopt different wholesale pricing strategy for the retailers.     

Non-linear pricing and the law of demand

An analogue of the law of consumer demand is developed for changes in an outlay schedule with continuously and/or discontinuously varying marginal rates and lump sum payments required from or paid to the consumer at specific consumption levels.     

Marginal and conditional probabilities of excess demand

This note compares and illustrates two criteria for classifying observations on a non-clearing market, namely the marginal probability of excess demand and the probability of excess demand conditional on the observed quantity.     

Dynamic demand,consumers' expectations and monopolistic resource extraction: An application to OPEC pricing policies

This paper introduces intertemporal decision making of the consumers, including different price expectations (myopic, rational), into the framework of monopolistic resource depletion. This adds another dynamic feature which has been neglected by and large by the literature. In particular a differential game of the von Stackelberg type between consumers and an oil extracting monopoly is considered. Analytical solutions are obtained when demand is linear. This framework is then empirically applied to derive and reconcile rational OPEC strategies and past behaviour.This paper has been presented at the Third Annual Conference of the European Economic Association in Bologna. I like to thank an anonymous referee and Dr. Ohogu for valuable comments.     

Some empirical tests of the arbitrage pricing theory using transformation analysis

The purpose of this paper is to test the Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT) using monthly data for Finnish stock returns during the 1970–1986 period. The first stage involves estimating the systematic risks for each asset using factor analysis. The second stage involves testing by transformation analysis if the number and structure of factors which influence the security returns remain unchanged across various time periods. The third stage involves testing the implications of the APT using cross-sectional regression analysis.     

An inventory model with variable demand,component cost and selling price for deteriorating items

In this paper, we develop an economic order quantity (EOQ) model for finite production rate and deteriorating items with time dependent increasing demand. The component cost and the selling price are considered at a continuous rate of time. The objective of this model is to maximize the total profit over the finite planning horizon. We also want to find the integral number of orders in the finite planning horizon. A numerical example, graphical representations and sensitivity analysis are given to illustrate the model.     

Determining demand, supply, and pricing for emerging markets based on disruptive process technologies

A model for forecasting the likely market size and demand for an early-stage emerging process technology is considered. This method takes into account markets, supply, demand, supply/demand gap, pricing, implications to government policy, corporate strategy, and value of intellectual property. For the purpose of illustration, forecasting of microsystems is considered.     

Exotic betting opportunities,pricing policies and the demand for parimutuel horse race wagering

Parimutuel horse race wagering has been declining steadily for the past several decades. This has resulted in lower revenues to state governments, recetracks adn horseman. To retard or reverse this trend, attempts have been made to implement a number of pricing and marketing strategies. Among these has been the introduction of a variety of exotic wagering opportunities. Over the years the number and type of exotic wagers offered has been increased. Furthermore, the prices of both straight and exotic wagers have been increased and, in addition, the price of exotic wagers has generally been set at a higher rate than that for straight wagers. The paper examines the effectiveness of these policies.     

Forecasting risk attitudes: An experimental study using actual and forecast gamble choices

We develop and evaluate a simple gamble-choice task to measure attitudes toward risk, and apply this measure to examine differences in risk attitudes of male and female university students. In addition, we examine stereotyping by asking whether a person's sex is read as a signal of risk preference. Subjects choose which of five 50/50 gambles they wish to play. The gambles include one sure thing; the remaining four increase (linearly) in expected payoff and risk. Each subject also is asked to guess which of the five gambles each of the other subjects chose, and is paid for correct guesses. The experiment is conducted under three different frames: an abstract frame where the two highest-payoff gambles carry the possibility of losses, an abstract frame with no losses, and an investment frame that mirrors the payoff structure of the former. We find that women are significantly more risk averse than men in all three settings, and predictions of both women and men tend to confirm this difference. While average guesses reflect the average difference in choices, only 27 percent of guesses are accurate, which is slightly higher than chance.     

Input demand and substitution under target-return pricing the case of Austrian manufacturing

Zusammenfassung Das neoklassische Standardmodell der Produktion postuliert den kostenminimierenden, effizienten Einsatz von Inputs bei vorgegebener Nachfrage und bei Konkurrenzpreisen. Zahlreiche empirische Studien übertragen dieses Modell auf reale Märkte und schätzen Elastizitäten der Nachfrage und der Substitution auf dieser Basis. Die vorliegende Studie vergleicht dieses Konkurrenzmodell mit einem alternativen Ansatz, wonach sich die Preisbildung auf unvollkommenen Outputmärkten nach dem Prinzip des target-return pricing vollzieht. Es wird gezeigt, daß die geschätzten Elastizitäten sensitiv auf die Wahl des Modells reagieren. Die Substitutionsmöglichkeiten sind nach den Ergebnissen beschränkt, was auf die limitierte Effizienz einer preisinduzierten Inputnachfrage im Sinne des neoklassischen Ansatzes hinzuweisen scheint. Die Schätzung der Modelle wird anhand österreichischer Industriedaten 1964–1979 im Aggregat wie in sektoraler Klassifikation durchgeführt.

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The research program was supported by the Austrian Fund for Scientific Research. The authors wish to thank Prof. Winckler and anonymous referees for helpful comments.     

Disaggregation of excess demand and comparative statics with incomplete markets and nominal assets

Summary. We prove that locally, Walras' law and homogeneity characterize the structure of market excess demand functions when financial markets are incomplete and assets' returns are nominal. The method of proof is substantially different from all existing arguments as the properties of individual demand are also different. We show that this result has important implications and is part of a more general result that excess demand is an essentially arbitrary function not just of prices, but also of the exogenous parameters of the economy as asset returns, preferences, and endowments. Thus locally the equilibrium manifold, relating equilibrium prices to these parameters has also no structure. Received: September 17, 1996; revised version: November 7, 1997     

Disentangling the effects of process and product innovation on cost and demand

ABSTRACT

We explore in this note different structural models of the impact of process and product innovation on firms' demand and production cost functions. We find that the introduction of process and product innovations affects them differently as could be expected. Both product and process innovation shift forward the demand for the products of the firm. Process innovation reduces production marginal cost, but not always. A possibility, that we cannot prove or reject with the current specification of our models and available data, is that process innovation associated with product innovation raise marginal cost. Interestingly, we also find that advertising significantly augments demand but does not affect production marginal cost. To obtain broader conclusions, richer data will be needed allowing an enlargement of the model, in which process and product innovations could be specified distinctively and well identified.