东亚国家或地区汇率制度的选择与演变

通过分析东亚国家在东亚金融危机前、中、后不同阶段汇率制度选择的变化,发现东亚国家或地区汇率制度以“钉住美元”为主线,基本符合东亚经济特征。汇率波动存在传染效应,汇率制度缺乏合作且存在一定程度的浮动恐慌。东亚汇率制度演变的基本结论是：东亚各国或地区能否抵抗货币攻击,与采取的汇率制度密切相关。东亚各国或地区的汇率制度需要根据内外经济形势变化进行相应调整,单一钉住美元的汇率制度变得困难且不合时宜。     

The real exchange rate and economic growth: are developing countries different?

Recent research has found a positive relationship between real exchange rate (RER) undervaluation and economic growth. Different rationales for this association have been offered, but they all imply that the mechanisms involved should be stronger in developing countries. Rodrik (2008 Rodrik, D. 2008. The real exchange rate and economic growth. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 2: 365–412.  [Google Scholar]) explicitly analyzed and found evidence that the RER–growth relationship is more prevalent in developing countries. We show that his finding is sensitive to the criterion used to divide the sample between developed and developing countries. Using alternative classification criteria and empirical strategies to evaluate the existence of asymmetries between groups of countries, we find that the effect of currency undervaluation on growth is indeed larger and more robust for developing economies. However, the relationship between RER undervaluation and per capita GDP is non-monotonic, and is limited largely to the least developed and richest countries. This discontinuity constitutes a puzzle that calls for closer analysis.     

人民币均衡实际汇率的估计与实际汇率错位的测算

基于均衡实际汇率理论 ,本文应用多种经济计量方法实证分析了自 2 0世纪 50年代中期至 2 0 0 0年期间人民币实际汇率状况 ,估计出人民币均衡实际汇率 ,进而测算了实际汇率错位状况。研究结果表明 :在计划经济时期 ,人民币实际汇率长期被高估。改革开放后 ,均衡实际汇率长期处于贬值状况 ,现实的实际汇率长期被低估。在亚洲金融危机期间 (特别是 1 997和 1 998年 ) ,人民币实际汇率出现了明显的高估。 1 999年这种高估状况得到部分缓解 ;2 0 0 0年出现了根本性好转。在现实中 ,1 999年以后中国出口的快速增长也证实了这一结论。     

Border region panel evidence on PPP deviations

This article examines prices for 32 identical menu items sold by restaurant franchises operating on both sides of the border between El Paso in the US and Ciudad Juárez in Mexico from July 1997 to June 2008. The relationship between Real Exchange Rate (RER) volatility and the degree of price convergence is examined within a panel data context. The city-pair and goods selected provide a unique experiment in which distance, tradability and industry considerations are set aside and the extent of RER volatility is the only factor to influence price convergence. We find nonmonotonic relationships between mean reversion and RER volatility: very fast adjustments for both low and high volatility panels of goods (between 1 and 2 months) and slower half-lives (between 3 and 4 months) at moderate levels of uncertainty. These figures are, however, substantially smaller than the 6 or 7 months reported in previous research for general US–Mexico goods, suggesting the very strong price convergence observed along the US–Mexican border.     

Real exchange rate and exchange rate policy in Hungary

Five real exchange rate indicators are computed to assess the international competitiveness of Hungarian industry. These indicators are explained in econometric equations by employment, unemployment, productivity, interest spread and real producer wage. Causality tests reveal that external performance has an impact on real exchange rates, and contributes to explaining real exchange rates. There is very limited scope for policy intervention to constrain the negative effects of capital inflows without incurring other costs.     

Do exchange rate changes have symmetric or asymmetric effects on the trade balances of Asian countries?

Recently the linear ARDL approach was modified and a non-linear version of the same approach that is used mostly to assess asymmetric effects of some exogenous variables on the dependent variable was introduced. The non-linear model was recently used by one study to show that indeed exchange rate changes have asymmetric effects on the trade balance of a few advanced countries. The same was demonstrated for transition economies by another study. In this article, we provide additional asymmetric effects from seven Asian economies by showing that in most cases we find evidence of short-run and long-run asymmetric effects of exchange rate changes on the trade balance. Like other studies, our findings are country specific.     

汇率失调、汇率中性假定和策略汇率

在资本不完全流动的情形下,汇率不仅是体现一国内部经济均衡和外部经济均衡的政策目标,也是一国政府实现其他政治、经济目标的重要政策工具。本文通过考察政府如何以汇率失调为代价,实现政治、经济等战略目标,并以此为基础提出策略汇率的概念,以完善对汇率失调的理论描述和加深对汇率失调内在机制的理解。本文还建立了汇率博弈的政治经济学模型,运用博弈论阐明策略汇率是一个Nash均衡结果。     

人民币行为均衡汇率及错位程度的测算研究:1978-2006

基于行为均衡汇率理论,应用多种计量经济方法对1978-2006年期间人民币实际汇率状况进行的实证分析结果表明:从名义汇率错位情况来看,1995年及以前的名义汇率都是高估的,1996-2005年的名义汇率基本上都是低估的,且低估程度在2000年达到顶点,然后逐渐下降;2005年约低估4.7%,但到2006年,受2005年人民币汇率改革的影响,名义汇率反而高估约0.9%.从实际汇率错位情况来看,1993年及以前的人民币实际有效汇率都是高估的,1994年以后,随着出口的快速增长以及美元的不断贬值,人民币实际有效汇率相对于行为均衡汇率低估程度总体上不断扩大,2005年约低估16.3%;到2006年,受2005年人民币汇率改革的影响,人民币实际有效汇率低估程度有所下降,约低估15.3%.     

The Effect of Changes in Real Exchange Rates on Employment: Evidence from Manufacturing Industries in China, 1980–2002

This paper analyzes the effect of changes in real exchange rate on manufacturing employment. Our theoretical model predicts the positive effect of depreciation of real exchange rate on employment through a firm’s expectation on changes in real exchange rate and the interaction between real exchange rate and a firm’s import and domestic input. Using China’s manufacturing data during the 1980–2003 period, we find that depreciation of real exchange rate promotes employment growth in manufacturing industries, while change in real exchange rate is not a significant factor in promoting wage growth. We also find that an increase in export share offsets partially the effects of real exchange rate on employment and real wages. Translated from Journal of World Economy, 2005, (4): (in Chinese)     

Disorderly adjustments to the misalignments in the Korean won

This paper estimates the equilibrium exchange rates for Korea'sreal effective rates using Clark and MacDonald's (1999) behaviouralequilibrium exchange rate (BEER) approach. The estimation resultsuggests that the real exchange rate was substantially overvaluedduring the period prior to the currency crisis of 1997–98.The subsequent adjustment, however, was disorderly in the sensethat the real exchange rate overshot its long-run equilibriumvalue. There was also a large deviation from the BEER, indicatingthat the sharp depreciation was not an equilibrium phenomenon.     

The internal and external equilibrium exchange rate of RMB: 1982–2010

This paper estimates fundamental equilibrium exchange rate of RMB based on internal and external balance of China’s economy. The findings indicate that RMB real exchange rate is overvalued in the period of 1982–1991, but the extent of the undervaluation has an enlarging trend since 2004. Then, we put forward a new theory called “Prior Equilibrium Exchange Rate” and apply it to RMB, finding that real effective exchange rate of RMB need to be appreciated about 20% between 2008 and 2010, and the appreciation range of bilateral nominal exchange rate between RMB and the world’s key currencies depends on the objective functions of the government. Policy implication indicates that decision makers need to refer to equilibrium exchange rate which is derived from different theories and to make great efforts to adjust it towards equilibrium level and establish RMB “Prior Equilibrium Exchange Rate.” Meanwhile, policymakers should implement a potential objective interval system of exchange rate appreciation. The appreciation range of bilateral exchange rate of RMB against USD from 2008 to 2010 may be set between 6% to 10%.     

1997～2013年人民币均衡汇率失调程度的实证研究

利用行为均衡汇率理论模型对人民币汇率水平进行研究,建立了基于非抵补利率平价理论的行为均衡汇率模型,实证分析了1997～2013年人民币汇率的均衡汇率水平和失调程度;建立误差修正模型分析各变量对于人民币汇率水平的短期影响和人民币汇率系统自身的误差。分析表明：1997年1季度～2013年4季度,人民币实际汇率水平在均衡汇率水平附近波动的幅度不超过±2％。2010年至今,人民币汇率失调程度一直低于±1％,基本达到均衡水平。基于研究结论提出政策建议：一是合理利用政府支出的消费方向调节汇率水平;二是进一步规范与完善资本市场;三是逐步提升汇率的自我修正机制;四是加快推进中国经济转型。     

房地产价格变动中的汇率因素分析

在构建了适合中国国情的房地产价格与汇率关系模型的基础上,利用该模型并结合2000年第三季度至2008年第二季度的最新数据,对中国35个城市房地产价格与汇率的关系进行实证研究。研究结果显示,汇率对房地产价格有负影响,这与理论和当前实际情况都比较相符,说明人民币汇率已能发挥一定经济调节的功能。     

How frequent a BEER? Assessing the impact of data frequency on real exchange rate misalignment estimation

This article explores the robustness of Behavioural Equilibrium Exchange Rate models, employed to estimate real effective exchange rate misalignments, to the frequency of the underlying data. It compares misalignments stemming from an annual model, estimated since 1980, and a comparable quarterly model, estimated since 1999. The two sets of estimates are similar. Moreover, the in-sample power of quarterly REER misalignments in explaining subsequent REER developments is higher than that of the annual estimates. This article therefore suggests that the “optimal” frequency of a BEER model depends on whether its resulting estimates are employed for research purposes or for policy-making activities.