Evidence on the effect of ‘Claw-Back’ provisions on IPO share allocation and underpricing in Hong Kong

The article examines share allocation practices of over 300 initial public offerings (IPOs) in Hong Kong during the years immediately following the enacting of a ‘Claw-Back’ provision for IPO share reallocation. The examination of exhaustive micro-level data reveals that small (uninformed, retail) investors earn higher initial returns than large investors. Before the enacting of the ‘Claw-Back’ provision, small investors were unfavourably treated in relation to large investors. The pattern now prevailing in the proportion of shares allocated to small and large investors also differs from that observed previously. When attempting to isolate the determinants of IPO underpricing in Hong Kong, the article also shows that both the ‘informed demand’ hypothesis and the signalling effect of underwriters’ reputation are significant determinants of underpricing. Such result, not visible when pooled OLS regressions are used, becomes apparent through the use of a system of simultaneous equations.     

Does individual investors’ attention influence underwriters’ IPO pricing?

ABSTRACT

Using a unique Chinese IPO bidding dataset and a particular social media dataset, we examine the impact of individual investors’ attention on underwriters’ offer price adjustment, offer price revision, IPO initial returns, and long-term performance. We find that when a company receives more attention from individual investors before the underwriter finalizes the offer price, the underwriter will adjust the offer price higher. Moreover, we find that the IPO initial returns are significantly positively related to individual investors’ attention. These findings suggest that individual investors will influence underwriters’ pricing behaviour from a new perspective, – –investors’ attention. Finally, we do not find a significant relationship between individual investors’ attention and IPO long-run performance.     

机构投资者情绪、承销商声誉与融资超募——来自中国创业板市场的证据

作者利用中国创业板市场2009年～2011年200只IPO样本数据,研究了机构投资者情绪、承销商声誉与融资超募间的关系。研究结果表明,机构投资者情绪和承销商声誉对IPO融资超募比例有显著正向影响,机构投资者情绪越高,承销商声誉越高,IPO融资超募比例也就越高。为了确保模型估计结果的有效性,这里选取了解释变量和被解释变量的替代变量做了稳健性检验,结果支持实证结论。     

风险投资与券商联盟对创业板上市公司IPO 首发折价率的影响研究

风险投资(VC )与政府、银行、券商和同业之间有着重要关联,且这些关联关系构成了其重要的社会资本,使其能够发挥增值的作用,而 VC 与券商的关系值得重点关注。文章对创业板市场上 I PO 公司背后的风险投资与 I PO 公司聘请的保荐机构之间的合作次数进行统计,将存在2次及以上合作的界定为联盟关系,并将新股首日折价率分解成一级市场的“内在折价率”和二级市场的“市场反应率”,进而研究了VC 与承销券商之间的联盟关系是否对VC 参股公司在 I PO 定价效率上产生了影响。研究发现：相比于其他有VC 持股但与券商无多次合作关系的公司以及无VC 持股的公司,存在“VC 与券商联盟”关系的公司的 I PO 发行价格更接近于公司的内在价值,表现为内在折价率最低;且该类公司在上市首日具有更高的市场价格,表现为市场反应率最高。这说明风险投资兼具认证效应和市场力量,并且这两种作用可能都来自于VC 与券商的长期而稳定的联盟关系。文章的结论对创业板市场上的各方参与者都具有借鉴意义。     

IPO发行价溢价异象与投资者情绪研究

以2003—2011年沪深两市所有A股作为样本进行研究可以发现,IPO发行价与IPO溢价之间存在显著的负相关关系,IPO发行价越低,IPO溢价现象越明显,称之为“发行价溢价异象”。采用受限因变量Tobit模型对投资者结构进行分析又可发现,IPO发行价越低,个人投资者持股比例越高,机构投资者持股比例越低．由此表明,正是由于低发行价股票投资以个人投资者为主,个人投资者易于受到投资者情绪影响,高估股票价值,增加非理性投资需求,寸导致了“发行价溢价异象”产生。     

An Optimal IPO Mechanism

We analyse the optimal Initial Public Offering (IPO) mechanism in a multidimensional adverse selection setting where institutional investors have private information about the market valuation of the shares, the intermediary has private information about the demand, and the institutional investors and intermediary collude. Theorem 1 states that uniform pricing is optimal (all agents pay the same price) and characterizes the IPO price in terms of conditional expectations. Theorem 2 states that the optimal mechanism can be implemented by a non-linear price schedule decreasing in the quantity allocated to retail investors. This is similar to IPO procedures used in the U.K. and France. Relying on French IPO data we perform a GMM structural estimation and test of the model. The price schedule is estimated and the conditions characterizing the optimal mechanism are not rejected.     

IPO underpricing: A social comparison perspective

This paper studies a social comparison perspective on IPO underpricing. The social comparison theory in behavioral psychology suggests that when people do not know how to make a decision or are exposed to new information, they refer to the behavioral norm of the public or the behavior of others to frame their decisions. I argue that when IPO firms and underwriters are uncertain about an IPO firm's intrinsic values, they refer to similar IPO issuing firms in the same industry that went public earlier to determine the IPO offer price. Using a sample of Taiwan IPOs, I find evidence that supports the social comparison explanation of IPO underpricing.     

我国承销商利用分析师报告托市了吗?

学术界对于我国IPO市场是否存在承销商托市行为一直存在争议。本文通过搜集新股上市一年之内的分析师报告数据,系统考察了我国承销商利用分析师报告进行托市的行为特征,以及投资者对于承销商分析师具有托市性质报告的市场反应。结果发现:(1)承销商会利用乐观、但偏颇的分析师报告为市场表现不佳的新股进行托市,但这一现象在新股上市90天后消失;(2)声誉机制在新股解禁期后才能有效约束承销商利用分析师报告托市的利益冲突行为;(3)市场投资者总体上能够识别承销商的托市意图,并对承销商分析师报告的系统偏误进行自我调整。本文的研究不仅为我国承销商是否存在托市行为提供了新的直接性经验证据,而且有助于市场各方洞悉分析师报告背后的利益冲突,同时也为监管部门出台相关的规范政策提供了新的决策参考。     

中国IPO定价效率研究 ——基于IPO抑价率和EFF值的比较分析

IPO定价效率是IPO市场的一个研究热点。本文以沪深A股市场首次公开发行并上市的新股为样本,通过IPO抑价率和EFF值指标比较分析了IPO定价效率的行业特征和定价制度特征。研究表明：EFF均值在行业之间的差异不显著,而IR均值在行业之间差异显著;我国IPO定价效率未随时间推移而不断提高,EFF值和IR值呈现出无趋势的特征。在此基础上,本文认为我国IPO定价效率不高的主要原因不是一级市场低价发行,而是二级市场投资者的追捧和半市场化性质的改革,提高IPO定价效率的根本途径在于回归市场化改革。     

行业收益、国际航运业IPO与船舶融资选择——基于1984～2007年数据分析

在阐述行业收益差异基础上分析影响航运股权融资因素,针对航运企业IPO的不同表现特征选取了1984～2007年间,在主板证券交易所首次发行股票的143家全球航运企业,通过计算超常持有期收益率(BHAR)和累计超常收益率(CAR),分析其短期与长期价格表现。认为航运企业首次公开发行抑价与公司年龄、上市所在交易所的声誉和发行期间市场行情正相关,与承销商声誉负相关;从长期来看,航运企业首次公开发行五个月后表现欠佳。希望通过研究某些体制因素如何影响航运企业IPO抑价,以期对船舶融资选择提供相关建议。     

An Empirical Study on Investment Bank Prestige and IPO Underpricing under Approval System

In this paper, we study 169 IPO samples after Approval System is brought into effect. On the basis that we compare the degree of IPO underpricing in different underwriters and the underpricing condition between prestigious and non-prestigious underwriters, we go further to make regression analysis of the underwriter prestige and IPO underpricing which they underwrite. Finally we conclude that the offering price marketalization is still very low and the underwriter prestige does system is put into effect. not significantly impact on IPO underpricing after approval     

What causes the IPO underpricing? New evidence from China’s SME market

ABSTRACT

We study 10-year IPO initial returns in China’s small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) board between 2006 and 2016, including 755 IPO samples. At the same time, we test how policy changes of IPO pricing and trading mechanism affect first-day initial returns. Our article adopts the stochastic frontier approach to estimate the fair value of IPOs and decompose the components of deliberate underpricing and mis-valuation factors, then using linear regressions investigate correlation between first-day initial returns and deliberate underpricing or mis-valuation factors. We find it is mis-valuation factors, especially, the irrational behaviour of individual investors that mainly cause the IPO underpricing in China’s SME market rather than deliberate underpricing. Besides, influenced by IPO pricing policies, the characteristic of IPO pricing varies from period to period.     

IPO初始回报与创业投资参与的研究——基于我国创业板的实证研究

本文在论述国际学术界关于创业投资在企业IPO中作用理论研究的基础上,通过采用实证分析方法,对我国创业板上市的153家公司2007—2009年的数据进行研究,得出如下结论：企业IPO初始回报与是否有创业投资参与具有显著的正相关关系。同时,IPO初始回报与公司规模显著负相关,与股份发行比例显著负相关,与公司上市时年龄显著负相关,与企业上市日的上证指数收益率显著正相关,与净资产收益率显著负相关。     

Soft Strategic Information and IPO Underpricing

Using content analysis, we measure the impact of soft information, derived from words in initial public offering (IPO) registration documents, on IPO pricing efficiency. First, using 2,298 U.S. IPOs from 1996–2008, we find that an IPO document's strategic tone correlates positively with the stock's first-day return; more frequent usage of positive and/or less frequent usage of negative strategic words leads to more IPO underpricing. Second, we find that an IPO document's strategic tone is negatively correlated with the stock's long-run return. Together, these findings imply that investors initially misprice soft information in registration statements, which mispricing is eventually corrected. Additionally, we create new content-analysis libraries for strategic words and introduce a survey-based library creation method and word-weighting system.     

研发信息披露与IPO定价效率

本文采用人工阅读招股书并打分的模式构建研发信息披露得分指标,并从一级市场定价效率与首次公开募股(initial public offering,IPO)抑价2个维度解释研发信息披露对IPO定价效率的影响.对2012—2018年间459只创业板IPO新股样本进行研究,双边随机前沿模型的检验结果表明:一级市场上股票发行定价明显偏高,研发信息披露提高了一级市场定价效率;而股票上市后,研发信息披露与IPO抑价率无显著关系,这显示了中国二级市场大部分投资者尚不具备能合理利用研发信息的专业知识,不能有效利用企业在招股书中披露的研发信息.本文的研究结论为监管部门完善研发信息披露制度,培养理性投资者提供了理论支持.     

IPO股票上市初期投资者交易行为研究

区别于国内以股票价格为对象揭示IPO股票特征的研究,文章以投资者为研究对象,研究中国IPO股票上市初期机构和个人投资者的交易行为差异。IPO交易研究是目前IPO研究的一个前沿领域。文章利用沪深股市2002年IPO股票的账户交易数据建立Logistic回归模型发现,中国IPO股票上市首日的高成交量与高换手率由投资者逐利行为造成;在上市后3日的交易中,个人投资者由于资金限制和信息获取能力不足等原因,对股票收益的判断能力明显弱于机构投资者,在交易中被机构投资者所利用。     

认购方式、承销方式与IPO抑价

基于不同的认购方式和承销方式,运用多元线性回归等分析工具对中国A股市场的抑价现象进行了实证研究。结果表明:2002年以来实行的二级市场配售制度能较大程度地降低IPO的抑价率;2005年到目前采用的二级市场配售与上网定价发行相结合的发行方式不仅提高了IPO的抑价率,同时还降低了上市公司的股票发行效率;包销方式下的新股发行费用大于代销方式,代销可在一定程度上提高上市公司的股票发行效率。     

IPO underpricing and flotation methods in Taiwan – a stochastic frontier approach

Adopting stochastic frontier analysis, this article studies the pricing model and underpricing phenomenon of the initial public offerings (IPOs) in Taiwan and further elucidates the potential impact of offering mechanisms on underpricing. The sampling period is from 1996 to 2003, in which 647 IPOs are selected. Empirical results suggest that issuing firms with greater earning potentials, less risk or less asymmetric information have lower underpricing. Furthermore, the variables included to explain underpricing are mostly significant, especially the proxy variable for flotation method. Observed mean IPO underpricing is 20.59% in the sample period, compared to 17.12% for the subgroup using the auction method. This statistically significant difference implies that the introduction of the auction method can help reduce IPO underpricing.     

Investment banks' stock ratings,call warrant issuance,and responses from heterogeneous investors: Evidence from Taiwan

We investigate the responses of the different types of investors on stock rating change announcements made by investment banks around call warrant issuances in Taiwan. The unique characteristics of the Taiwan warrants market allow investment banks to make stock rating change announcements around call warrant issuances for the same stocks they rate. In Taiwan, investment banks are also dealers of call warrants, and thus, the profit and loss results from their warrant business are potentially in conflict-of-interest for their stock ratings. Another feature of the Taiwan stock market allows us to disentangle the types of investors initiating the stock trades. We identify three types of investors: institutional investors, experienced retail investors, and ordinary retail investors. Our findings suggest that institutional investors are able to “see-through” the conflict-of-interest in investment banks; experienced investors are able to partially “see-through” the conflict-of-interest, and ordinary retail investors are unable to “see-through” the conflict-of-interest of investment banks.