Regulatory takings and constitutional repair the 1990s' property-rights rebellion

In spite of the fact that the Constitution's fifth amendment states that nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation, politicians systematically impose almost confiscatory land-use restrictions on citizens. Growth of regulation and property-rights uncertainty have spawned grass roots opposition and political efforts to reinforce constitutional protections. Lacking success at the national level, property-rights advocates moved to the states where by August 1994 more than forty introduced property-rights legislation. Statistical estimates of the likelihood that such legislation would be introduced reveal strong support of the notion that the property-rights movement is a reaction to growth of government regulation.     

Renewable resources,property-rights regimes and endogenous growth

We extend Brander and Taylor's [Brander, J.A., Taylor, M.S., 1998. The simple economics of Easter Island: a Ricardo-Malthus model of renewable resource use. Am. Econ. Rev. 88, 119–138.] model of feast and famine cycles on Easter Island using Galor and Weil's [Gailor, O., Weil, D.N., 2000. Population, technology and growth: from Malthusian stagnation to the demographic transition and beyond, Am. Econ. Rev. 90, 806–28] model of endogenous technological advance, where technological change is related to the population. We note that different property-rights regimes will influence the relative direction of technological advance—whether that advance is in harvesting technologies or in technologies that influence the growth rate of some renewable biological resource. Property-rights regimes that favor biological growth rates over harvest rates tend to dampen feast–famine cycles, while those that favor harvest efficiency worsen such cycles.     

Relative consumption and renewable resource extraction under alternative property-rights regimes

This paper presents a simple model of resource extraction where preferences are defined over the individual’s consumption level, her effort and the comparison of her consumption with that of other members of the community. Our specification captures the intuition that lies behind the growing body of empirical evidence that places interpersonal comparisons as a key determinant of well-being. We consider the effect of consumption externalities under two alternative property-rights regimes: perfect property rights and open access. We identify two dimensions along which consumption externalities distort the efficient exploitation of resources, or, in the case of open access, aggravate the over-exploitation of resources: (i) the static trade-off between consumption and leisure, and (ii) the dynamic trade-off between current and future consumption. In general, envious agents over-exploit the natural resource stock, resulting in a steady-state stock lower than the efficient level chosen by a central planner. We propose a tax mechanism to induce the first-best outcome.     

论混合所有制与股份制

该文认为混合经济与混合所有制是两个概念。对股份制企业的控股问题要正确理解。中共十六大提出的建立“管资产和管人、管事相结合”的国有资产管理体制应当高度评价。建议把保护私有财产的内容写在宪法这个层次上。     

跳出“公有制”、“私有制”的所有制框架

一、现代市场经济的所有制形式不能简单地用公有制或私有制去刻划 2002年《经济导刊》第2期、第3期分别发表了董辅礽教授的《消灭私有制还是扬弃私有制?》和厉以宁教授的《进一步开展公有制形式的探讨》两篇文章,两篇义章都提出和分析了公有制的新形式,给人以很大的启发。对于公有制的新形式,笔者认为还有必要进一步研究和探讨。     

Institutional Resource Regimes: Towards sustainability through the combination of property-rights theory and policy analysis

Although the concept of sustainable development is gaining increasing political acknowledgement, despite the implementation of environmental policies specifically intended to solve problems in this area, environmental degradation resulting from the recurrent problems associated with the over-exploitation of natural resources remains an important concern for most countries. How can this situation be explained? This article postulates that a combination of approaches from the political sciences (in particular policy analysis) and institutional economics would enable the identification of the most relevant regulatory dimensions which can explain the (un)sustainable uses of resources. Based on this starting point, it develops an innovative theoretical framework, i.e. that of the Institutional Resource Regime (IRR).The adopted approach facilitates the analysis of the regulatory measures and resource management practices associated with complex and competitive heterogeneous use situations from a perspective of sustainability. Indeed, the two dimensions of “extent” and “coherence” enable the definition and categorization of the IRR of a given resource. The extent of an IRR refers to the total number of goods and services in use that are actually regulated by the regime at a given time, while the coherence measures the degree of coordination of the various user-actors within the regime. One of the major contributions of the IRR framework is its ability to describe the different configurations of regimes, both theoretically and empirically, and to predict their effect on the sustainability of a resource based on the hypothesis that high levels of regime extent and coherence are necessary preconditions for sustainability.By doing this, the IRR framework also enables the analysis of the actual use rights to the goods and services provided by resources as the result of the political strategies of actors who mobilize different legal provisions, which stem either from formal property rights to resources or from policies that regulate the use and protection of these resources.Having developed the central research hypotheses and the empirical research procedure, we present the lessons drawn from the first campaign of field research which was mainly conducted in Switzerland from 1999. Based on the evidence from these initial findings, it is suggested that the scope of the IRR framework could be far broader than evidenced by its application in the case of Switzerland where it was initially developed.     

宏观经济波动对工业所有制结构的影响——"国进民退"的回顾与前瞻

本文利用1998—2008年的样本数据,通过实证方法研究宏观经济波动对工业所有制结构的影响,结果表明经济增长速度、货币存量、出口增长率以及通货膨胀与国有工业比重下降速度均呈负相关关系,这说明国进民退是宏观经济景气度影响的结果。因此,我们认为宏观调控政策应从优化国有与非国有企业的融资环境、对微观结构影响的程度等方面去改善国有与非国有工业企业的经营环境。     

契约配置与制度配置：路径比较

契约配置和制度配置的路径存在重要差异。契约配置路径包括私人交易演进型、政府之间与社会团体之间交易演进型和政府、社会团体与私人之间交易演进型等路径。制度配置路径包括契约演进型、需求型、供给型和引进型等路径。契约配置和制度配置路径比较的经济学意义表现在二者均具有稀缺性,在经济资源配置中具有不同的作用,并存在路径依赖关系,促进二者的耦合性是市场经济的本质要求。     

车位的法律属性及其产权界定

伴随商品房的开发,有关车位的归属问题的纠纷不断涌现。而理论界有关车位的归属问题亦存有诸多争议。《中华人民共和国物权法》虽然对于车位的归属问题进行了界定,但尚有不周全之嫌。欲界定车位的归属问题,应当首先明确车位的法律地位。本文结合我国《物权法》的相关规定,对于不同情形下车位的法律属性进行探讨;同时,针对车位不同的法律属性,分别探究车位的归属问题。     

Asset Ownership and the Threat to Sell

In this paper the effects of selling assets are examined in a property rights model à la Grossmann, Hart and Moore. The possibility of selling an asset gives its owner a bargaining tool which can strengthen his bargaining power under certain circumstances. This offers a form of protection against opportunistic behavior in the hold-up problem, which has not yet been considered in the literature on property rights. With this model it is possible to give a rationale for unconditional joint ownership. Moreover, an explanation for privatization, outsourcing and the existence of passive outside owners can be derived within the model.     

消灭私有制还是扬弃私有制？——评于光远同志对社会所有制和私有制的论述

于光远同志是一个百科全书式的学者,他的研究涉及的领域实在太宽,有自然科学、人文科学、社会科学,而在社会科学中又涉及各个学科,其中经济科学是他重点研究的领域,而在经济科学中他的研究又涉及各门经济学科,其中有些学科原来没有,而是他创立的,如生产力经济学、国士经济学等。要对他的研究作出评论,绝非哪一个人所能胜任的,即使是经济科学也一样,因为没有哪一个人有他那样渊博的知识,研究过那样多的学科。我也算得上一个经济学的研究者,要我对他在经济科学方面的论     

论国有制的可能

在国有企业改制过程以及相关的争论中,是否在国有制下不触及产权改革,而依靠引入像相对业绩比较这些技术手段实现国有制的效率,以往的产权理论尚未回答这类问题。本文论证了在纯国有制或者说集中所有权下,国家调控政策的巨大影响以及国家所有者和政策调控者身份的重合,加上国家无法准确把握政策的影响度,会造成这种判断信息的失真。这也说明,相对业绩比较无法取代产权改革,只能在国有经济比重不高的情况下才能起作用。     

所有权分散与经营权集中--混合所有制的产权特征和效率分析

随着生产力发展和生产社会化程度不断提高,企业产权制度由单一所有制向混合所有制转变,这一变化使企业的产权关系出现所有权分散与经营权集中的特征。所有权分散与经营权集中从筹集资本和建立有效的经营机制这两个方面适应了现代经济发展的要求。实践证明,所有权分散与经营权集中的产权制度具有较高的产权效率和分配效率。     

大股东的所有权与企业的投资行为研究

Jensen和Meckling早在1976年就指出股权结构影响企业价值,而这一过程是通过影响投资实现的,但是一直缺乏有说服力的经验结果的支持。本文以2004～2007年1039家上市公司共4156个观察值为研究样本,从第一大股东股权的视角出发,研究了股权结构与公司投资水平之间的关系。研究发现,中国上市公司第一大股东的持股比例与公司的投资支出之间存在“下降-上升-下降”的“倒N”型的非线性关系;进一步研究后发现,持股比例在10％～20％的区间投资水平达到最小值,在60％～70％的区间达到最大值。但是这种“倒N”型的非线性关系只存在于非国家控股的公司,当第一大股东为国家股时,这种非线性关系会变得不显著。本文的研究为治理当前我国企业普遍存在的非效率投资、提升企业价值提供了经验证据。     

公司最优股权结构分析

公司股权结构是各利益方相互博弈的结果。本文从企业融资渠道的角度出发,考虑在负债条件下的企业最优股权结构的确定。通过文献回顾股权与绩效之间的关系,分析出股权集中度对公司绩效影响的研究大体分为三大类:股权集中度与公司绩效正相关、不相关以及股权的分散性与公司绩效呈正相关关系;同时认为股权结构的内生性问题与绩效也有一定的显著性影响。本文采用Pagano和Roell(1988)提出的股权结构的形成模型,同时本文将在外部融资中加入债务融资进行分析。理论分析表明,企业的最优股权结构受企业债务融资决策的影响。在考虑债务融资的情形下,股东的持股比例与企业的价值是相关的,也就是说,企业的股权结构可能是内生的,它会随着企业经营境况的改变而改变,是股东间博弈的结果。     

合同非对称性、雇佣与企业所有权

企业是一种权力合同,其中存在两种非对称性:第一种非对称性是由于定价成本和风险成本不同导致的,是决定企业所有权非对称配置的基本依据;第二种非对称性是由于短缺方权力导致的,是决定企业所有权非对称配置的重要依据.雇佣关系是权力合同非对称性和企业所有权非对称配置的集中体现,因此正确理解雇佣关系是理解企业的基础.     

论人工智能生成发明的可专利性及权利归属

当前,人工智能发明对专利客体范围、专利“三性”审查标准及专利权属制度造成巨大冲击。就专利客体而言,在“算法＋技术”规则的指引下,可将人工智能生成的技术方案明确为方法类专利客体;在专利“三性”审查方面,借鉴人工智能技术中立优势对相关发明进行“新式审查”,可以化解对传统审查方式的冲击;在专利权属制度设计上,基于产业政策和利益平衡考量,构建以人工智能投资者为核心、辅之以意思自治原则的专利权属制度成为必然。     

Commercial Policy and Foreign Ownership

Foreign multinationals often not only export but also control local firms through FDI. This paper examines the various effects of trade and industrial policies when exports and FDI coexist. We focus on the case in which a foreign firm has full control of a local firm through partial ownership. Cross‐border ownership on the basis of both financial interests and corporate control leads to horizontal market linkages through which tariffs and production subsidies may harm locally owned firms but benefit the foreign firm. Foreign ownership regulation benefits locally owned firms. These results could have strong policy implications for developing countries that attract an increasing share of world FDI.     

Transfer Pricing and Ownership Structure

We study the performance of jointly owned production units where upstream firms sell inputs to a downstream final market producer. It is found that, compared to integrated firms, co-ownership leads to overinvoicing of input prices (transfer prices), resulting in lower aggregate profits. Tax and tariff policy may lessen the organizational inefficiencies of jointly owned firms. The analysis suggests that firms must have other reasons for forming jointly owned production units than those guided by production efficiency and benefits from delegation of decision-making.
JEL classification: F 23; L 23