The impact of minimum wages on youth employment in Portugal

On January 1, 1987, the legal minimum wage for workers aged 18 and 19 in Portugal was raised by 49.3%. This shock is used as a “natural experiment” to evaluate the impact of the minimum wage change on teenagers’ employment. The method is to compare, based on firm-level microdata, the employment growth of 18-19-year-old workers with employment growth of older workers. The main findings are that the increase in the minimum wage significantly reduced employment of 18 and olds, but increased employment of 20- olds.     

Discriminating factors of women's employment

Italy exhibits a dramatic level of territorial heterogeneity in terms of socio-economic dynamics and in the economic position of women. We employ this territorial variance to assess the impact of selected policies and institutions on men's and women's employment using microeconomic data. Such an analysis provides results partly different from what was expected on the basis of cross-country aggregate evidence on industrialized countries. Aggregate growth and tertiarization of the economy are surprisingly found beneficial only to men's employment, while culture and discrimination are relevant for women's. Social Assistance is found highly significant too, with the provision of services being more beneficial to women's employment than monetary transfers.     

Effects of collective minimum wages on youth employment in Austria

This paper analyzes the impact of collective minimum wages on youth employment for 14 sectors of the Austrian economy, taking into account the possibility of nonlinearity. We find that when the real index of minimum wage rises above a certain point, negative employment effects for young individuals (aged between 19 and 25 years) can be expected in Austria. In five of seven market sectors the minimum wage lies above the optimal level that maximizes the employment of young workers.     

The impact of declining youth employment stability on future wages

Has the early career become less stable during the 1980s and 1990s? And does a lack of early-career employment stability inhibit wage growth? I analyze exc     

Statistical tests for the universality of youth employment mechanisms in segmented labour markets

Patterns of youth employment among manual workers by sex in 47 industrial sectors in the six leading EEC economies in three years (1966, 1972 and 1978) are analysed statistically with a model which relates youth employment share to two aspects of national pay structures: the degree of labour market segmentation (indicated by pay dispersion for adult employees of the same sex) and the importance of wage for age rules (indicated by youth relative pay). Each pay variable proves influential, with the partial exception of female relative pay. Tests for similarity of pay coefficients across countries and time lead to the rejection of both a universal relationship and the national dichotomy in the relative pay relationship which was suggested by earlier results. At the same time, as the economic importance of differences in pay coefficients by country is secondary, major differences between countries in outcomes in the youth labour market arise more from the attributes of national payment systems than from the parameters of employment share functions.     

影响城市发展的十大因素

1987年,在《我们共同的未来》报告中,布伦特兰夫人将可持续发展定义为:“可持续发展是指既满足当代人的需要,又不对后代人满足其需要的能力构成危害的发展。”其内涵是:健康的经济发展应建立在生态可持续能力、社会公正和人民积极参与自身发展决策的基础上。随着可持续发展战略,特别是《21世纪议程》在全球范围内贯彻实施,我国于1994年制定了《中国21世纪议程》,提出我国可持续发展城市的目标是:建设成规划布局合理,配套设施齐全,有利工作,方便生活,住区环境清洁、优美、安静,居住条件舒适的城市。随后,国内许多城市纷纷将可持续发展战略纳入城市远景规划目标中。城市可持续发展是指在一定的时空尺度上,以长期持续的城市增长及其结构变化,实现高度发展的城市化和现代化,从而既满足当代城市发展的现实需要,又满足未来城市的发展需求。它包括城市经济、环境、社会可持续发展三个子系统。其中,城市经济可持续发展是条件,环境可持续发展是基础,社会可持续发展是保证。本文拟从这三个子系统出发,探讨影响我国城市可持续发展的10个主要因素。     

关于电子产业技术创新影响因素的实证分析

对中国产业技术创新诱导因素的分析必须在具体的经济、制度环境下进行。以市场集中度、产业内企业规模、产权制度基础、产业开放程度为影响因子,对电子产业的实证分析显示,市场集中度、产权制度变化与产业创新能力的相关性不强,出口与创新负相关,增加产业内大企业的比重、适度增加进口对创新有促进作用。     

影响职业教育发展的经济因素

职业教育亦称职业技术教育,是国民教育体系和人力资源开发的重要组成部分,是广大青年打开通向成功、成才大门的重要途径。经济因素对职业教育发展具有很大的影响力。     

基于因子分析法的案例教学效果影响因素研究

通过对现有文献的梳理以及对学生进行的问卷调查和小组访谈,发现目前我国的案例教学效果总体来说不尽人意,这使得案例教学模式本身的优势难以有效发挥,从而影响案例教学模式的效果。现有研究中关于案例教学效果影响因素的论证既有不同之处,也有许多重复之处。由于各个因素之间往往存在着错综复杂的相关关系,从而势必会增加教师提高案例教学效果的难度。通过因子分析法将众多影响案例教学效果的因素进行归纳,提炼出几个主要的因素,并有针对性地提出提高案例教学效果的对策建议。     

Taxation and employment in general equilibrium: A two-sector analysis

The literature on public finance has so far completely ignored the question of unemployment. In this paper, the traditional two sector model of tax incidence is utilized to develop a model in which the effect of various taxes can be analyzed and compared. On the basis of this model, we have compared and studied the effect on employment of various equal-yield and equal-rate taxes. Also, on the basis of reasonable empirical assumptions certain policy conclusions are stated.     

Human capital and the re‐employment of retrenchment labor in urban China

The inefficiency of state‐owned enterprises, followed by the economic reform in urban China, resulted in large‐scale retrenchment during the late1990s. The laid‐off workers were middle‐aged, not well educated and had accumulated a lot of firm‐specific human capital that was unlikely to be of value in the product market. In this study, we investigate how differently human capital affects laid‐off workers’ occupation choices: self‐employment, re‐employment and remaining unemployed. Using 2002 Chinese Household Income Project and 2009 Urban Household Survey datasets, we find that although general human capital measured by education is positively related to the probability of finding a job, it is negatively associated with the probability of self‐employment. Displaced workers with more sector‐specific work experience are more likely to be self‐employed than to be employed by others. Government‐sponsored training significantly increases the likelihood of finding a job. Health is positively associated with re‐employment.     

Determinants of youth not in education,employment or training: Evidence from Sri Lanka

The presence of a large proportion of youth neither in education, employment, or training (NEET) signals problems in a country’s education and labor market systems, and has wide‐ranging negative consequences, extending beyond the individual to the economy and society. Using Sri Lankan Labour Force Survey data for the year 2016 and binomial and multinomial logistic regression models, in this paper we provide the first estimates of NEET‐related risk factors in Sri Lanka. Key risk factors of becoming NEET include being female, being of ethnic and religious minorities, belonging to the older 20 to 24 age group, having very low or very high levels of education, being illiterate in English, belonging to a low‐income household or one headed by a male, having young children, and living in more remote areas. Our findings hold several important policy implications for reducing the NEET rate in Sri Lanka and engaging more youth in education and in the labor force.     

Understanding the factors affecting the adoption of the Internet of Things

The Internet of Things (IoTs) is widely considered as one of the most important infrastructures for promoting economic development and technological innovation. The purpose of this study is to find the key factors influencing IoT adoptions, specifically in Taiwan’s logistics industry. In this study adopts a model which is a hybrid of technology, organisation and environment (TOE) and the decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory method (DEMATEL) to evaluate the complex factors influencing the adoption of IoT. The study employs the TOE framework as a basis to develop a general evaluation framework, and the DEMATEL technique conceptualises a structural model and then identifies the causal relationships among factors through a cause-effect relationship diagram. Finally, we also divided the complex influencing factors into cause and effect groups to better clarify the causal relationships for decision-making, to ensure the efficiency of IoT adoption.     

影响国际服务贸易的宏观因素

随着经济服务化程度的深化,服务贸易在国际贸易中的地位越来越突出。1980-2000年,世界货物贸易平均年增长率为59%,而商业服务贸易的平均年增长率为71%.增长速度的差异导致国际贸易结构的变动:1980年,国际商业服务贸易占世界贸易总额的152%,2000年,这一比重提高到186%.国际贸易格局之所以发生如此变化,原因在于发达国家纷纷把目光投向服务贸易,它们竞相抢滩国际服务贸易市场,包括对发展中国家施以越来越大的压力,要求后者实现服务贸易自由化。     

An efficiency analysis of Swedish employment offices

In this paper the method–production frontier analysis is used to analyse differences in efficiency between different Swedish Employment Offices. Earlier empirical labour market policy evaluation studies have utilised various measures that, however, do not take into consideration differences between organisation units. The main result of this investigation is that employment offices show major differences in the efficiency with which they carry out their job matching services.     

Foreign-owned firms around the world: A comparative analysis of wages and employment at the micro-level

This paper provides the first microeconomic cross-country analysis of the effects of foreign ownership on wages, employment and worker turnover rates. Using firm-level and linked worker-firm data, we apply a standardised methodology for three developed (Germany, Portugal, UK) and two emerging economies (Brazil, Indonesia). We find that wage effects are larger in developing countries, and that for each country the largest effect on wages comes from workers who move from domestic to foreign firms. Employment growth after foreign takeover is concentrated in high-skill jobs. In contrast to widespread fears, there is no evidence that wage gains come at the expense of greater job insecurity; separation rates actually fall slightly after takeover. We conclude that the positive effect of foreign ownership on wages is not primarily driven by its impact on incumbent wages, but by its impact on the creation of high-wage jobs.     

A Bayesian approach to misclassified binary response: female employment and intimate partner violence in urban India

We examine the effect of female employment on the odds of physical spousal violence using a Bayesian misclassification model combined with propensity score regression estimation. While a classical propensity score model finds a significant violence-provoking effect of female employment, our model finds no evidence of a significant effect. This suggests that misleading inferences are caused by falsely small standard errors in a model that does not account for uncertainties around propensity scores. Further, we confirm our misclassification model as a preferred specification using Deviance Information Criterion (DIC).     

关于教育与就业关系的一个理论模型及实证检验

In this paper, we divide the process of educational development into two aspects: the change in educational structure and the expansion of educational scale. Based on this hypothesis, we analyze the relationships between each of the two aspects and employment respectively. In this paper, the factors and the transmission mechanism of the influence that education has on employment are also explained. Then, the theoretical models of the relationship between education and employment are built up. Finally, we use the empirical data collected in China to test the theoretical models and give explanations to the status quo of the unemployment structure within various educational levels. It suggests that: the development of education in China at present is beneficial to the increase in the employment rate, the increase in the proportion of the laborers with junior school education has negative effects on employment, and the development of higher education creates positive effects on the employment, but no evidence shows any significant correlation between the proportion of the laborers with senior high school education and the unemployment rate. Translated from Xin Zhengzhi Jingjixue Pinglun 新政治经济学评论 (Review of New Political Economy), 2006, 2(1): 46–69     

Empirical measures of factors affecting social rates of discount

Economists have long considered possible divergences between private and social rates of time preferences. In this paper, we investigate factors hypothesized to affect this potential divergence. Results indicate that time preferences of individuals may be influenced by: 1. whether the resource in question is publicly or privately managed (respondents tend to have lower rates of time prefernce for publicly managed resources); and 2. the type of good being managed (respondents tend to have lower rates of time preference for income derived from a forest than for income derived from a portfolio of stocks and bonds). Additional factors which may influence the revealed rate of time preference include the pattern of benefits derived over time and various personal characteristics of the respondent. Although numerous methodological problems cloud the issues, our results suggest that capital markets may fail to aggregate utility over individuals and between goods, and that it may therefore be appropriate for governments to consider using lower rates of discount than the private sector, and to vary the rate used according to the type of good being evaluated.