The determinants of capital structure in transitional economies

This study investigates whether capital structure determinants in emerging Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries support traditional capital structure theory developed to explain western economies. The empirical evidence suggests that some traditional capital structure theories are portable to companies in CEE countries. However, neither the trade-off, pecking order, nor agency costs theories explain the capital structure choices. Companies do follow the modified “pecking order.” The factors that influence firms' leverage decisions are the differences and financial constraints of banking systems, disparity in legal systems governing firms' operations, shareholders, and bondholders rights protection, sophistication of equity and bond markets, and corporate governance.     

Mean reverting financial leverage: theory and evidence from Pakistan

Grounding concepts of the two competing theories of capital structure (trade-off theory, pecking order theory) are quite opposite to each other. Trade-off theory claims that there is an optimal (target) capital structure and firms try to achieve that optimal (target) point. Whereas pecking order theory argues that there is no optimal (target) capital structure but the firms follow a specific pattern of financing. Using the two competing theoretic frameworks, this study applies Fisher-type panel unit root test to an unbalanced panel data of 13 115 firm-year observations of nonfinancial firms listed on Karachi Stock Exchange Pakistan spread over 38 years (1973–2010). Overall panel test results, for short-term, long-term, as well as total leverage support trade-off financing behaviour while individual firm results do not. Individual firm results show that only 16% of the firms have short-term target, 25% of the firms have long-term target and 12% of the firms have total target leverage ratio. Further, industry results explain that most of the industries do have target leverage ratios and classification of data into profitable and lossmaking firm-year observations explains that profitable firms clearly follow trade-off financing behaviour while the results for lossmaking firms do not support trade-off financing behaviour. Our study indicates that it is important for the government to ensure policies to develop well-balanced financial markets and to improve accountability systems.     

The Determinants of Capital Structure Choice: Evidence from Polish Companies

The main objective of this paper is to investigate which of the two competing capital structure theories – the pecking order of financing choices or the traditional static trade-off model – better describes the financing decisions in Polish companies traded on the Warsaw Stock Exchange (WSE). The data come from financial statements of the companies and cover a 5-year period, 2000–2004. First, a correlation is run in order to separate a set of significant factors influencing the capital structure from the list of the following independent variables: assets structure, profitability, growth opportunities, liquidity, firm size, product uniqueness, earnings volatility, non-debt tax shields, dividend policy, and the effective tax rate. Next, in order to test the relationship between capital structure and its potential determinants, multiple regression is run. The evidence generally suggests the relevance of the pecking order hypothesis in explaining the financing choices of Polish firms.

The dynamic specification of the modified pecking order theory: Its relevance to Italy

This paper proposes an empirical model for the modified pecking order theory (MPO) in which both trade-off (TO) and pecking order (PO) models are nested. The MPO model is specified as an error-correction mechanism and applied to a vast panel data-set. Unlike previously estimated financial models, it avoids a number of problems: the mis-specification of dynamics, the approximation of the target leverage using the historical mean, the constrained estimation of the free cash flow components in a unique parameter. The MPO model is particularly good at explaining “hybrid” systems (neither market-based nor bank-based) such as the Italian one, in which companies are a mixture of two types: TO-type firms with a long-term optimal debt ratio towards which they converge; PO-type firms for whom the short-term availability of internal funds for investment may interfere with the process of adjustment towards the target leverage. Finally, the MPO model enables us to separately test the individual relevance of each of the restricted (“pure”) TO and PO models: results confirm their mis-specification and clearly point towards the excellent empirical performance of the MPO model. First version received: May 2000/Final version received: September 2000     

Capital structure choice and ownership: evidence from electronics enterprises in China

Empirical studies on capital structure mostly focus on listed companies and also on countries other than China. In this paper, we employ a panel dataset for 4,716 large and medium-sized enterprises in the Chinese electronics industry during the period 2005–2007 in order to investigate the determinants of their capital structure choice. Using the debt ratio as the dependent variable, we find that firm size and potential growth have a positive effect on the debt ratio whereas profitability has a negative effect. We show that decisions on the debt ratio are based on mixed factors that the various theories suggest. The unlisted Chinese companies which are unable to access to the securities market are prone to acquire bank loans as sources for funds which provides room for the modification of pecking order theory based on listed companies. As to ownership structure, we find that those Chinese electronics enterprises with higher portions of foreign equity tend to have lower debt ratios.     

Firm size and debt maturity as indirect determinants of capital structure: evidence form European panel data

The study aims at verifying whether the firm size and debt maturity affect the relationship between capital structure and its main determinants. Using panel data models, the impact of the primary factors on leverage is compared across three size groups of firms and for different measures of debt in order to identify the size effect and the debt maturity effect in these relationships. The study covers 11 EU countries during the period 2000–2013. Findings provide evidence that financing choices of small firms provide more support for the pecking-order theory, whereas medium and large-sized firms tend to follow the trade-off predictions on leverage. It also appears that the trade-off theory is more applicable for short-term debt, while pecking order – for long-term debt.     

资本结构动态调整研究综述

目前,很多学者纷纷采用动态资本结构模型,来证实资本结构具有动态调整的特性.资本结构动态调整理论认为公司并不是在任何时候都处于最优资本结构状态,随机事件的发生和调整成本的存在使得企业的实际资本结构偏离了其目标资本结构.企业在不断地向目标资本结构进行部分调整,且调整速度与企业规模、盈利能力等企业特征变量,与资本市场类型等宏观经济变量和企业偏离目标资本结构的程度等有关.     

管理层权力与高管薪酬粘性

最优契约论与管理权力论是目前管理者激励领域研究的两种主要理论基础。我国上市公司高管薪酬与国外资本市场上公司高管薪酬一样具有粘性特征,这与最优契约论的观点不符。薪酬粘性是指高管薪酬的业绩敏感性存在不对称的特征,业绩上升时薪酬的增加幅度显著高于业绩下降时薪酬的减少幅度。笔者研究发现,管理层权力型企业的高管薪酬显著高于非管理层权力型企业的高管薪酬,并具有更高薪酬粘性。     

中国上市公司融资偏好问题的重新审视

基于对中国上市公司股本融资偏好问题的重新审视,我们发现:(1)如果将短期债务考虑在内并剔除首次公开募股的影响,股本融资偏好就不复存在;(2)在企业债务比率的调整过程中,融资缺口所起的作用超过了传统的企业特征因素,这意味着顺序偏好理论能在一定程度上解释企业的融资行为;(3)股票市场状况和政府管制政策会对企业外部融资的构成产生一定的影响。以上经验证据表明,中国上市公司的融资行为并不像原先所想的那样独特,主流的资本结构理论对企业的债务政策具有相当的解释能力。     

送转行为、年报绩效信息与融资约束

基于我国上市公司数据,运用实证研究方法发现,送转行为是上市公司信息传递的有效机制,它有助于缓解我国上市公司由于管理者与其他利益相关者之间的信息不对称所造成的公司融资约束问题,特别是对于那些上年年报财务绩效不十分理想的受融资约束的公司,送转行为对缓解融资约束效果更为突出。我国上市公司的送转行为并非完全出于对市场投资者的迎合,而是一种有效的信号传递方式。在运用Heckman两步法控制了样本自选择问题之后,文章所得研究结论仍然成立。     

Taxi,Takeoff and Landing: Behavioural Patterns of Capital Flows to Emerging Markets

This paper analyses volatility, persistence, predictability, correlation, comovement (or contagion risk) and sudden stop (reversibility) of capital flows (foreign direct investment (FDI), foreign portfolio equity investment, long-term and short-term debt flows) using time series econometric techniques for 24 emerging economies over 1970–2014. This is informative on the pattern and relationship between capital inflows, with implications for accommodating macroeconomic policies in countries receiving inflows. The paper also addresses the predictions of conventional theory, that differences are associated with the maturity of the capital (long-term vs. short-term), with the information-based trade-off model of Goldstein and Razin [(2006). An information-based trade off between foreign direct investment and foreign portfolio investment. Journal of International Economics, 70(1), 271–295], that differences are associated with the structure of the capital (equity vs. debt). In line with the latter, equity flows (FDI and portfolio) are less volatile and persistent, more predictable and less susceptible to sudden stops than debt flows. Contrary to conventional theory, short-term flows are not more volatile, but there is evidence that correlations and risks of contagion are strong within all capital flow components.     

水电企业融资组合优化模型设计

目前我国水电企业的融资方式以银行贷款为主,直接融资的比例过低,融资结构的不合理使融资成本增加。本文基于权衡理论、优序理论和技术评价理论,分别建立了内部融资成本模型、负债融资成本模型和股权融资成本模型,并在此基础上,构建了综合融资成本模型,设计了融资成本最小的水电企业融资方案。通过实例分析,得出并验证：增加水电企业的债券融资和股票融资,有利于降低融资成本,提升企业利润。     

Cash management in the travel and leisure sector: evidence from the United Kingdom

This study investigates the determinants of cash holdings for companies operating in the travel and leisure (TL) sector of the United Kingdom (UK) between 2005 and 2016. The study finds that growth opportunities, cash flow, and cash flow volatility affect cash holdings positively, while size, leverage, liquidity, asset intangibility and dividend payments affect negatively. Companies operating in the airlines sub-sector hold more cash, while companies in the hotels and restaurants and bars sub-sectors hold less cash than the reference sub-sector of travel and tourism. Except for the free cash flow model, the trade-off and pecking order models of cash holdings are empirically supported for the TL sector.     

The inter‐relationship between capital structure and dividend policy: empirical evidence from Jordanian data

The study investigates the under‐researched relationship between capital structure and dividend policy in emerging markets with regard to the Jordanian market. The empirical analysis focuses on the estimation of both single equation models and structure equation models using the reduced form equations to examine the joint determinants of capital structure and dividend policy. The study investigates whether capital structure and dividend policy theories can explain the financial decisions in emerging market such as the Jordanian market. Namely, the study examines agency theory, signalling theory, pecking order theory and bankruptcy theory. The results indicate that there is a positive relationship between debt‐to‐asset ratio on the one hand, and asset tangibility, profitability, market‐to‐book, liquidity, firm size, and industry classification on the other hand. Also, there is a negative relationship between debt‐to‐asset ratio and profitability. In addition, there is a positive relationship between dividend payout ratio on the one hand, and profitability, asset tangibility, market‐to‐book and industry classification on the other hand. Finally, the results of the reduced form equations show that capital structure and dividend policy have the following common factors: profitability; asset tangibility; market‐to‐book; industry classification; and limited evidence of institutional ownership. Therefore, the determinants of capital structure and dividend policy in emerging markets such as the Jordanian market share the same set of suggested factors with the developed markets.     

政商关系、分析师预测与股价同步性——基于腐败官员落马的准自然实验

关系型交易会影响分析师的信息传递效率,进而对企业的信息环境产生影响.文章基于腐败官员落马这一准自然实验对上述假说进行了检验.文章以2005?2011年与24位省部级以上落马高官有关联的企业为样本,研究了政商关系的外生变化对分析师行为和企业信息环境的影响.文章基于双重差分模型,发现腐败官员落马后,与之关联企业的分析师预测准确性提高,预测分歧度降低,分析师跟踪数量增加,企业股价同步性降低.进一步检验发现,在官员落马影响关联企业股价同步性的过程中,分析师发挥了中介作用.可见,反腐能够降低分析师获取信息的门槛,提高分析师传递信息的效率,进而改善企业信息环境.     

基于现金流量的中国上市公司扩张性融资偏好研究——来自我国A股市场的经验证据

本文以资本结构理论为基础,运用实证研究方法,对我国1998-2004年具有扩张行为的上市公司的资金来源进行了探索性研究,旨在通过实证研究总结我国具有扩张行为的上市公司在获取资金方面存在的一些规律。实证研究结果表明：我国具有扩张行为的上市公司在筹集资金时,首先考虑债权融资。这有利于给上市公司带来财务杠杆效用、给股东创造更多的价值,同时也意味着我国上市公司经营者有意识地运用负债来经营,其融资行为是理性的。同时,我国具有扩张行为的上市公司在融资结构方面也存在一定的局限性,主要表现为内部融资所占比例较低和债权融资结构不合理。     

WHAT DETERMINANTS AFFECT THE CAPITAL STRUCTURE OF CONSUMER CO‐OPERATIVES? THE CASE OF iCOOP KOREA

The capital structure of co‐operatives can differ from that of IOB (Investor‐Owned Businesses) since the two organizations differ in their aims, governance structures and decision‐making principles. This paper examines whether the determinants verified in IOB affect the leverage ratio of consumer co‐operatives. Consumer co‐operatives in South Korea have been rapidly growing during the last decade. There are two leading theories in finance that explain capital structure: the trade‐off and pecking order theories. Focusing on consumer co‐operatives in South Korea, the paper aims to analyze empirically what determinants have effect on the capital structure of consumer co‐operatives and which of the two theories is more plausible. This study reveals that profitability and firm size have a significantly negative effect on leverage while tangibility and growth have a significantly positive effect on it. In conclusion, it seems that neither of the theories above perfectly accounts for the capital structure of consumer co‐operatives because of the differences in governance characteristics between consumer co‐operatives and IOB as well as in the costs of bankruptcy, agency, informational asymmetry and securities issuance.     

The role of intermediaries on technological risk management and business development performance in Korea

This paper examines the strategic use of intermediaries by companies to better meet their technology needs from the resource-based theory and network theory perspectives. The results of this study are based on a sample of Korean IT companies and indicate the particular importance of cooperation with government support organizations and public R&D institutions in building relational assets. Intermediaries played a crucial role in enabling and facilitating joint development projects and promoting technology transfer among the companies in general.The results of this study suggest that intermediaries, as they are linked to other organizations within networks and are centrally situated within those networks where information and resource flow, can coordinate and control the exchange of information and resources within networks and enjoy timely and privileged access to such information, giving them the means to expand their strategic social capital.     

Determinants of Leverage in Slovenian Blue-Chip Firms and Stock Performance Following Substantial Debt Increases

Hypotheses concerning capital structures are some of the most frequently tested in the financial literature. Authors usually discuss different incentives for the use of leverage. Their views can be broadly classified in two main groups. The proponents of the first argue that leverage increases the cash flow available to investors. With the use of debt a firm gains because it uses a cheaper component of capital and since it pays less tax thanks to advantageous debt tax shields. On the other hand, the proponents of the second group stress the importance of minimising transaction costs, and information asymmetry. They point to a pecking order of finance sources. In this article, I explain the most frequently stated drivers that provide incentives for the more extensive use of debt with a focus on an emerging market environment and test whether they are relevant to Slovenian blue-chip firms that emerged from the transition of the last decade.

The second part introduces the owners' point of view. I test whether raised debt levels in fact improve the long-term return to the stockholders of Slovenian firms. This should be expected because of the institution-led capital structure conservatism that firms practised in the past. Three methods are employed to test the relationship between increased levels of debt and long-term stock return. All of them offer a similar conclusion that the expected long-term performance of firms which significantly increased their leverage is no better than the long-term performance of firms that did not. The results are useful for other emerging capital markets in Europe where firms and investors faced similar circumstances tied to their socialist past and transition process.     

商业银行资产业务中的信息不对称及博弈论分析

信息经济学认为,现实经济运行中交易者之间普遍存在着信息不对称.信息不对称将导致事前的逆向选择和事后的道德风险.商业银行的日常经营中信息不对称现象普遍存在.分析信息不对称对商业银行资产业务的影响,并从成本效益角度,运用博弈论理论分析逆向选择和道德风险形成的原因,就如何减少商业银行经营中的信息不对称提出一些政策措施.