A comparison of unemployment, income and mortality interaction for five European countries

The relationship between unemployment and health status is examined in a comparative study of five European countries using a time series model. "The hypothesis considered in this paper is that the secular decline in mortality rates can be attributed to the secular rise in real per capita income and that the remaining fluctuations in mortality rates can be explained by cyclical movements in income and variations in unemployment." The data concern the Federal Republic of Germany, France, Italy, Sweden, and Ireland.     

On Keynes on inflation and unemployment

Keynes tends to be represented as someone who thought that alleviating unemployment was more important than any other consideration. Interestingly it seems that this was not always the case; he did not recommend employment creation under all conditions of excess labour supply. The great inflation of World War I and its aftermath left an indelible impression on him, and this mitigated his position on the importance of high levels of employment. In 1920 he recommended that inflation in the UK be controlled even if some unemployment would result, and there is at least some hint in his work that the relative importance to him of inflation and unemployment did not vary much over the remainder of his life.     

Keynesian and monetarist models of unemployment and inflation: A simulation study for Austria

Zusammenfassung In dieser Arbeit wird versucht, durch Simulationen makroökonomischer Modelle für Österreich Aufschluß über die Erklärungskraft monetaristischer und keynesianischer Ansätze zu gewinnen. Zu diesem Zweck werden mit einer gemeinsamen Datenbasis über eine gemeinsame Schätzperiode (1957 bis 1982) drei monetaristische Modelle und ein keynesianisches Modell geschätzt, die möglichst viele gemeinsame Elemente enthalten, zugleich aber die wesentlichen theoretischen Unterschiede (insbesondere bezüglich struktureller Modelleigenschaften) zum Ausdruck bringen sollen. Untersucht werden ein von Stein vorgeschlagenes monetaristisches Modell und zwei Modelle, die die Hypothese der natürlichen Arbeitslosenrate enthalten, wobei das eine auf der Annahme adaptiver und das andere, das weitgehend einer Spezifikation von Sargent folgt, auf jener rationaler Erwartungen (also auf der Neuen Klassischen Makroökonomik) beruht; daneben wird ein keynesianisches Modell geschätzt, in dem die Arbeitslosenrate durch die gesamtwirtschaftliche Nachfrage und die Inflationsrate durch Kostenfaktoren und einen auch langfristig existierenden Phillips-Kurven-trade-off erklärt wird. Alle vier Modelle werden über die Schätzperiode mit den historischen Werten der jeweiligen exogenen Variablen simuliert; als Grundlage für eine Bewertung der Modelle dienen dabei Vergleiche der durch diese Simulation gewonnenen Schätzwerte für Arbeitslosenrate und Inflationsrate mit deren historischen Werten. Fehler- und Prädiktoranalysen zeigen, daß das keynesianische Modell den monetaristischen in bezug auf die meisten verwendeten Kriterien überlegen ist. Daher wird vermutet, daß die derzeit vorliegenden monetaristischen Ansätze weniger zur Erklärung der gesamtwirtschaftlichen Entwicklungen Österreichs und der Zusammenhänge zwischen den wichtigsten Aggregaten beitragen können als keynesianische Ansätze.

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For many valuable comments and suggestions for improvement I am indebted to the anonymous referees of this journal and to A. Wörgötter. Any remaining shortcomings are my own responsibility.     

Corporate profit tax,firm entry with unemployment,and income inequality

In this paper, we provide a general equilibrium analysis of corporate profit tax on income distribution, unemployment, and wage inequality. With firm dynamics in industrial sector, we identify a new channel through which profit tax affects income and wage inequality: profit tax cut will widen not only the wage gap between skilled and unskilled labor, but also exacerbate the wage inequality of unskilled labor among different sectors. The welfare effect of profit tax cut depends on unemployment deepening (labor-distortion effect) and more manufacturing firms enter the market (business-creation effect), eroding the market share of incumbent firms (business-stealing effect).     

Endogenous technological change,income distribution,and unemployment with inter-class conflict

This paper presents a Kaleckian growth model that incorporates endogenous technological change. The model endogenously determines the rate of capacity utilization, the rate of economic growth, income distribution, and the employment rate in addition to technological change. The paper shows that whether or not an increase in the relative bargaining power of workers raises the long-run equilibrium unemployment rate depends on which regime is realized in the long-run equilibrium. If, for example, the long-run equilibrium corresponds to the wage-led growth regime, a rise in the relative bargaining power of workers leads to a decline in the unemployment rate. This result is never obtained from the mainstream NAIRU model.     

Autoregressive modelling of consumption,income, inflation and interest rate data: A multicountry study

In this study the question whether income, inflation and interest rate help to predict (Granger-cause) consumption of nondurables was analysed for USA, UK, FRG and France. Thereby a slightly modified variant of the stepwise autoregressive modelling approach suggested by Hsiao was extended to the four variables framework and applied to quarterly time series. The data indicate that at least one of the variables considered has predictive power for consumption. Thus, the permanent income hypothesis under rational expectation as formulated by Hall is rejected for the countries considered here.     

Inventory accumulation and expectations of real income,inflation and interest rates

A model is developed and tested to relate three categories of inventory accumulation to expectations of real income, inflation and interest rates through anticipated real corporate wealth effects. Expected future inflation leads firms to accumulate more inventories in advance financing them by means of ‘liquid’ assets to offset an anticipated loss of real wealth. Expected increases in interest rates have an impact on inventory accumulation opposite to that of expected future inflation. Past wealth effects are also allowed for by means of the accelerator principle. Finally, the growth rate of real income generally has a signifiant influence on inventory accumulation.     

Disequilibrium rational expectations: Examples of unemployment with inflation

In this paper, we present a simple dynamic general disequilibrium model which generates both unemployment and inflation as a stationary long-run equilibrium. Rational expectations (in the mean) are an essential part of this equilibrium. Policy remedies are examined. By means of an example, it is shown that rational expectations are consistent with depressed economic activity and that government policy can play an important role. It is entirely possible for inflation and unemployment to persist indefinitely.     

A model of income transfers for the urban poor

In developing nations cash transfers between households play a role in maintaining poor urban families at income levels sufficient to meet expenditures on basic needs. In our analysis, a social network is seen as redistributing income to those member households who fall below a perceived basic needs threshold. This redistributive mechanism can be though of as the outcome of an implicit social contract whereby households insure themselves against the risk of falling below a perceived basic needs level. Using data from El Salvador, regression estimates which account for transfers received by poor households are found to be consistent with the proposed model.     

The joint dynamics of inflation, unemployment and interest rate in the United States since 1980

In this paper, by using a combination of long-run and short-run restrictions, we identify a small structural VECM which includes inflation, unemployment and the federal funds rate and study the dynamic interactions at different frequencies among these variables. Our results show that: (a) in accordance with the traditional view of economic fluctuations, aggregate demand shocks and monetary policy shocks push inflation and unemployment in opposite directions in the short run; (b) the permanent supply shock explains the long-run movement of inflation and unemployment. These conclusions are at odds with the prediction of “natural-rate” models but are consistent with the idea of a propagation mechanism which links productivity shocks to inflation and unemployment at medium and low frequencies. Thus, with respect to some recent studies (e.g. Beyer and Farmer, ECB Working Paper 121, 2002, and Ireland, J Monet Econ 44:279–291, 1999), we offer a different interpretation of the low-frequency comovements between inflation and unemployment characterizing the US economy in the last decades.

Further evidence on alternative theories of inflation and unemployment:the Scandination countries

The objective of this study is to estimate the inflation and unemployment models of various of macroeconomics as suggested by Sargent, Stein and Rea, and to test the validity of their propositions using the data of four Scandinavian countries, namely Denmark, Finland Norway and Sweden. The results provide some support for the new classical models on unemployment, but the monetory variables, as monetarists argue, have a significant effect on unemployment. With regard to inflation, the data of the Scandinavian countries do not support the monetarist proposition that inflation is always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon. However, the results support Keynesian propositions that economic slack represented by unemployment is important in explaining the rate of inflation.     

A new model of equilibrium involuntary unemployment

Summary. We show that equilibrium involuntary unemployment emerges in a multi-stage game model where all market power resides with firms, on both the labour and the output market. Firms decide wages, employment, output and prices, and under constant returns there exists a continuum of subgame perfect Nash equilibria involving unemployment and positive profits. A firm does not undercut the equilibrium wage since then high wage firms would attract its workers, thus forcing the undercutting firm out of both markets. Full employment equilibria are payoff dominated by unemployment equilibria, and the arguments are robust to decreasing returns.Received: 21 May 2001, Revised: 15 April 2003, JEL Classification Numbers: D43, E24.Correspondence to: Leo KaasWe thank an anonymous referee, Woojin Lee, Klaus Ritzberger and seminar participants in Konstanz, Manchester, Milan, Prague, Vienna, and Warwick for helpful comments. Financial support from the Economic and Social Research Council (UK) under grant L138251030 and from the Manchester School Visiting Fellowship Scheme is gratefully acknowledged.     

Evaluating the effect of monetary policy on unemployment with alternative inflation forecasts

This paper explores the role that inflation forecasts play in the uncertainty surrounding the estimated effects of alternative monetary rules on unemployment dynamics in the euro area and the US. We use the inflation forecasts of 8 competing models in a standard Bayesian VAR to analyse the size and the timing of these effects, as well as to quantify the uncertainty relative to the different inflation models under two rules. The results suggest that model uncertainty can be a serious issue and strengthen the case for a policy strategy that takes into account several sources of information. We find that combining inflation forecasts from many models not only yields more accurate forecasts than those of any specific model, but also reduces the uncertainty associated with the real effects of policy decisions. These results are in line with the model-combination approach that central banks already follow when conceiving their strategy.     

A Schumpeterian model of equilibrium unemployment and labor turnover

This paper constructs a general equilibrium model of equilibrium unemployment by combining an endogenous growth model with a variant of equilibrium search theory. The analysis offers two explanations for the causes of widening wage gap between skilled and less-skilled labor, and rising unemployment rate among the less skilled: technological change in the form of an increase in the size of innovations or skilled labor saving technological change in R&D activity. In addition, the model identifies two distinct effects of faster technological progress on the aggregate unemployment rate. First, it increases the rate of labor turnover and therefore increases the aggregate unemployment rate – the creative destruction effect. Second, it creates R&D jobs, which offer workers complete job security, and consequently reduces the aggregate unemployment rate – the resource reallocation effect.     

The inflation bias when the central bank targets the natural rate of unemployment

This paper studies the proposition that an inflation bias can arise in a setup where a central banker with asymmetric preferences targets the natural unemployment rate. Preferences are asymmetric in the sense that positive unemployment deviations from the natural rate are weighted more (or less) severely than negative deviations in the central banker's loss function. The bias is proportional to the conditional variance of unemployment. The time-series predictions of the model are evaluated using data from G7 countries. Econometric estimates support the prediction that the conditional variance of unemployment and the rate of inflation are positively related.