The persistence of profits in the Greek manufacturing industry, 1963–88

The objective of this article is to evaluate empirically the profit rate persistence in the case of the Greek manufacturing industry (1963–88). More specifically, we address ourselves to two questions: first, do industrial profit rates eventually converge on a common rate? and secondly, what are the factors that affect the speed of adjustment of industrial profit rates? Our results suggest: a high persistence of profit rates for most industrial sectors; a generally high permanent component of the profit rates with substantial variations among sectors; and a similarity with other studies of industrialized countries with regards to the factors (concentration ratio, advertising intensity, export intensity, capital intensity etc.) affecting the speed of adjustment.     

Dynamics of Intraindustry Trade and Labor-Market Adjustment

This paper investigates some dynamic aspects of the 'smooth adjustment hypothesis' that is commonly associated with intraindustry trade (IIT). The analysis is conducted on a panel of plant-level employment data and industry-level production and trade data for Ireland. Rates of intraindustry job turnover are used as a proxy for labor-market adjustment. Three findings stand out. First, a measure of marginal IIT is found to be more appropriate for the analysis of adjustment issues than the traditional static IIT index. Second, the effect of marginal IIT on labor-market adjustment is most significant in the short term, namely for indices calculated on one-year ntervals and lagged by one year. Third, the most significant determinants of the intraindustry job turnover rate are sector-level plant concentration ratios and trade openness.     

Persistence of firm-level profitability in Turkey

The dynamics of company profits for 172 of the largest manufacturing firms in Turkey are studied. A time-series analysis is used to estimate the long-run projected profits and firm-specific speed of adjustment parameters that measures the rate at which short-run rents are eroded. While persistent profitability differences across firms are observed, there is also a moderately quick erosion of rents except for the most highly profitable firms. Firm characteristics rather than industry effects account for the differences in permanent profits. Contrary to the widespread view that developing countries suffer from uncompetitive markets, the results in this paper suggest that the intensity of competition in Turkey is no less than in developed countries and similar to other developing countries.     

Interrelationship among foreign presence,domestic sales and export intensity in Chinese manufacturing industries

Using panel data on six Chinese manufacturing industries over the period 2005–2007, this article explores the interrelationship among foreign presence, domestic sales and export intensity of local firms. We find that the domestic sales and exports are complementary for local firms in China’s pharmaceutical industry, whereas in the case of the textile, transportation equipment, beverage, communication equipment and general equipment manufacturing industries, domestic sales and exports are substitutes. An increase in the average domestic sales increases foreign presence in all industries. The same applies to an increase in the average export intensity. An increase in the level of competition in China’s textile industry increases the export intensity as well as domestic sales of local textile firms. However, an increase in the level of competition in the pharmaceutical industry leads to a very large decrease in export intensity of local pharmaceutical firms. In the case of China’s transportation equipment manufacturing industry, an increase in the level of competition decreases domestic sales of local firms. Furthermore, an increase in the firm size increases domestic sales of Chinese firms in all six manufacturing industries.     

Exchange rate exposure: Evidence from China

This paper examines exchange rate exposure using a sample of Chinese firms. To measure RMB exchange rate volatility and jump risk, we apply the autoregressive conditional jump intensity (ARJI) model to the industry‐specific nominal effective exchange rate (I‐NEER) for 13 Chinese manufacturing industries over the period 2001 to 2017, We find that exchange rate risks do affect firm value at the industry level, and the effect is more significant for the jump risks that are more difficult to hedge and in the sample period when hedge activities are less likely to occur. Our results suggest that the exposure puzzle could be a result of the endogeneity of operative and financial hedging. Firm‐level analysis finds that exchange rate risk affects firm value for more than 20% of Chinese firms, and a firm's exchange rate exposure varies with the firm's characteristics.     

Pricing in Australian Manufacturing*

The rate of change of prices of competing foreign products and the rate of change of costs of domestic production are both found to have positive impact on the rate of domestic price inflation in a cross section of Australian manufacturing industries over the period from 1968-69 to 1986-87. Prices of competing foreign products are found to have more impact, while production costs are found to have less impact, the higher is the level of domestic concentration, supporting the hypothesis that foreign and domestic competition have interactive effects on domestic prices.     

Resource misallocation and manufacturing productivity: The case of Ukraine

Applying Hsieh and Klenow (2009) methodology, and using the dataset of 47,497 unique establishments over the period of 2002–2010, I investigate the effects of resource misallocation on the productivity of Ukrainian manufacturing. Empirical results show that there is a significant resource misallocation in Ukrainian manufacturing. If it were the case that all market distortions were eliminated, manufacturing productivity could triple, whereas if Ukraine was as distorted as the US or EU, it could be twice more productive than it is now. The results also show that most enterprises should downsize their level of production and that the major reallocations of resources occur among the most and the least productive enterprises.     

Inflation, Shadow Prices and the EMU: Evidence From Greece

The paper examines whether inflation systematically distorts the informational content of price signals. A shadow cost function is specified, and the deviation of shadow from actual prices is modeled as a function of the level of economy‐wide inflation, as well as other conditioning variables like budget deficits and changes in inflation rate. It is found that inflation is associated with significant allocative costs in most Greek manufacturing sectors. Measures of cost gains resulting from Greece's convergence towards the EMU are provided and the policy implications are explored.     

The Speed and Stability of Price Adjustment in Australian Manufacturing*

A model of industry speed of price adjustment is derived from firm pricing behaviour. The model is applied to quarterly two‐digit Australian manufacturing data for the period 1985 (Q3) to 2002 (Q3). The results suggest that the industry speed of price adjustment is positively related to the average size of large firms within the industry and is negatively related to industry concentration. We also find that import share has a role in attenuating the effects of industry concentration and that growth in a moving average of real gross domestic product reduces the speed of price adjustment. Calculated industry speeds of price adjustment are both stable across the period of examination and small, suggesting that manufacturing prices are sticky.     

全球生产网络嵌入对我国西部制造业创新能力的影响

运用2005-2014年我国西部地区11个省市的面板数据,对我国嵌入全球生产网络的西部制造业创新能力进行实证研究。结果表明,嵌入全球生产网络对我国西部制造业创新能力提升存在显著正向影响,但影响力度较弱。R&D人员投入规模、市场自由度和行业集中度可以显著提升我国西部制造业创新能力,但R&D经费投入规模和出口密集度对创新能力的影响不显著。同时,加入全球生产网络与市场自由度的交互项后发现,市场自由度影响下的全球生产网络可能阻碍我国西部制造业创新能力提高,但这一作用尚不明显。     

Market dynamics and dichotomy: evidence from Taiwanese manufacturing

In Taiwan, a dichotomous market structure is closely related to the progress of economic development. The purpose of the present article is to examine the market dynamics and dichotomous nature of Taiwanese manufacturing. A model of dynamic adjustment of industry structure is considered when both the speed of adjustment and the long-run market concentration are allowed to vary across industries. We use 118 four-digit manufacturing industries for empirical analysis of our models spanning between 1981 and 1991. Empirical findings show that both the speed of adjustment and long-run industry concentration are predominantly determined by minimum efficient scale. The speed of adjustment is much faster in a small open economy like Taiwan compared to mature economies like the US and Australia. In addition, the dichotomous nature of the market is supported in our findings for both periods, viz, 1981–1986 and 1986–1991, albeit weaker for the later period.     

国有企业的债务问题研究*

本文基于1995—2014年间A股制造业上市公司的样本数据进行实证研究,回归结果表明所有制因素对公司资本结构的选择没有显著影响,即便把资本结构区分为长期结构和短期结构亦是如此。公司的总资产收益率、有形资产比率、成长性、公司规模以及实际税率对上市公司资本结构具有显著影响,其中最主要的两个因素是公司的总资产收益率和公司规模。这说明虽然从总量数据上看国企负债的确构成了宏观债务的主体,但就制造业来说国企的债务水平和其经济特征是相匹配的,规模和总资产收益率足以解释这种高债务水平,国企过度负债说至少对制造业国有企业来说并不成立。国企债务风险可能来自平台类国企,相关的政策应该针对这类企业来设计。     

Exchange rate exposure at the firm and industry levels: Evidence from Turkey

The purpose of this study is to examine industry-weighted exchange rate exposure at the firm and industry level for Turkish plants. We use an unbalanced panel of plant-level data for manufacturing firms in Turkey during the years of 2002 and 2010 in seven industries. The results indicate that macro indicators seem to be a more significant influence on the exchange rate exposure. Moreover, industry-weighted openness is the most important factor to determine the exchange rate exposure for Turkish firms. We also find that the direction of exposure varies at the industry level.     

我国制造业能源消耗强度变化的因素分解——基于结构份额和效率份额视角

在借鉴已有研究成果基础上,将能源消耗强度分解为结构份额和效率份额两个因素,并测算了1994-2006年我国制造业中能源消耗强度中两个因素的变化情况,分析了制造业产业结构调整和能源效率提高对能源消耗强度的影响。研究结果表明:我国制造业能源消耗强度在不断下降,原因是产业结构调整和能源使用效率提高的综合影响。两者对降低能源消耗强度都有正面作用,同时,能源使用效率提高作用略大于产业结构调整作用。     

政府创新偏好、创新要素流动与制造业升级

利用2004—2019年中国内地30个省域面板数据，系统考察创新人员流动和创新资本流动对制造业升级的影响效应及政府创新偏好的调节效应。结果表明，创新人员流动和创新资本流动均对制造业高级化、合理化有显著积极作用。影响机制检验表明，创新人员流动和创新资本流动通过提升创新能力间接推动制造业高级化、合理化；政府创新偏好在创新资本流动与制造业高级化、合理化以及创新人员流动与制造业高级化之间有显著正向调节作用，但对创新人员流动与制造业合理化的调节作用不显著；在两类创新要素流动推动制造业升级过程中，政府创新偏好的调节作用呈现非线性特征。结论对引导创新要素合理流动，推动制造业高级化、合理化发展具有重要借鉴意义。     

外商直接投资对我国制造业自主创新投入的影响

本文利用2003—2007年我国28个制造行业的面板数据,检验了外商直接投资（FDI）参与度、FDI研发强度以及科技人员比重等因素对内资制造业自主创新投入的影响。结果表明上述三个因素对全部内资制造业的自主创新投入的影响并不显著。将制造业划分为高技术行业和一般行业,外资参与度对内资高技术行业研发强度的抑制程度要小于一般行业。外资研发强度对内资高技术行业研发强度的影响显著为负,对一般行业亦产生消极影响,但不显著。外资科技人员比重明显促进了高技术行业的自主创新投入,对低技术行业的研发支出强度产生负面影响,但统计上也不显著。上述结论意味着外资参与对内资自主创新投入的影响较为间接,需要关注直接影响内资自主创新投入的外资研发强度和外资科技人员比重等因素。内资企业要主动提高自主创新投入,形成自主创新能力,缩小和外资的技术差距。     

Exchange rate volatility and the demand for money in the U.S.

This paper examines the effect of changes in the level and volatility of exchange rates on the demand for money. It hypothesizes that exchange rate volatility exerts a negative influence on money demand separate from the effect of the level of exchange rates. Using U.S. data covering the period from 1974.1 to 1990.4, it is found that, regardless of whether the adjustment process is modeled as an error-correction or a partial-adjustment model, exchange rate volatility is negatively related to the demand for real M2 balances. This relationship is found to be more pronounced when exchange rates are expressed in real terms. The results imply that money demand responds to both the volatility of domestic prices relative to foreign prices and to the volatility of nominal exchange rates. Little evidence is found in support of the hypothesis that the level of exchange rates exerts a significant influence on money demand.     

技术创新投入结构与创新绩效的关系研究

分别用两位码层面的大类样本和三位码层面的中类样本较系统地研究我国大中型制造业企业技术创新投入结构对创新绩效的影响。研究表明技术创新投入强度结构对创新绩效影响最大;技术创新投入来源结构在中类样本中显著,而在大类样本中不显著;技术创新投入应用源结构在中类样本中不显著,而在大类样本中显著。企业规模对创新绩效影响不显著,而行业规模在中类样本中影响显著而在大类样本中影响不显著。本文的研究结论具有一定的理论价值和较强的实践指导意义。     

Investor Expectations and the North American Free Trade Agreement

The paper uses a stock market event study to examine investors' expectations of NAFTA's effect on the profitability of manufacturing industries in the USA, Canada, and Mexico. The main finding is that factor intensity, specifically a measure of the industry–wide labor–capital ratio, is the most significant determinant of excess returns. The results suggest that investors believed the NAFTA would favor industries that used abundant factors intensively and reduce profitability in industries that relied heavily on scarce factors; and, more generally, that factor intensity is a primary source of comparative advantage. No significant relationship was found between the relative scale of industries among the three countries and the NAFTA's expected influence on profitability.     

Wage share,globalization and crisis: the case of the manufacturing industry in Korea,Mexico and Turkey

The aim of this paper is to analyze the changes in the wage share in the manufacturing industry in Mexico, Turkey and Korea in the era of globalization. The focus is on the one hand on the effects of globalization on the wage share, which is measured by the effects of international trade and FDI intensity of the economy. On the other hand, the process of opening up has been accompanied by major currency crises in most developing countries in the last decade, which has affected the wage share through exchange rate depreciation and economic recession. The paper develops a Post‐Keynesian conflicting claims model for an open economy under the pressure of globalization, and an equation for the wage share is estimated for each country using the Seemingly Unrelated Regression method. The results show that both recessions and nominal depreciations have a clear and lasting negative effect on the manufacturing wage share in all countries, whereas the effect of openness, in particular international trade depends on industrial policy structure. Increased export intensity leads to a decline in the manufacturing wage share in Turkey and Mexico, but has no significant effect in Korea. The positive expectations from FDI are also not materialized in any of the three countries.