The relevance of commuting zones for regional spending efficiency

We use data envelopment analysis (DEA) efficiency scores to show that clustering municipalities into encompassing regional clusters improves spending efficiency of single stand-alone municipalities. We propose a new geographic aggregation based on municipalities-to-municipalities commuting flows, defined using hierarchical cluster analysis. Our example for Portugal shows that from an output-oriented perspective between 83% and 98% of municipalities would increase their efficiency scores, while from an input-oriented perspective between 86% and 98% of municipalities would also be better off in terms of efficiency. Then using a linear regression model, we find that population increases positively affects the efficient scores (via scale economies). Also, increases in the share of high-educated and poorer residents leads to higher efficiency scores.     

中国粮食生产功能区农业环境效率及其改进程度——基于FDH方法的经济和人力资本空间异质性检验

基于自由处置赫尔(FDH)技术方法,综合考虑环境因素和社会经济空间异质性,运用SFA技术构建农业环境效率测算模型,考察了2001—2019年我国3大粮食生产功能区农业环境效率及其改进状况。结果显示,经济和人力资本空间溢出效应下农业环境效率均值分别为0.846和0.843,各省(区)农业环境效率呈现显著的正向空间相关性,普遍能够从经济和人力资本空间溢出效应中获得1%~20%不等的改进程度,而又以经济空间溢出效应作用更强;在经济和人力资本空间溢出效应作用下,主产区和平衡区虽然获得较高的农业环境效率值,但效率改进程度仅维持在2%左右,而主销区虽然农业环境效率较低,却能够获得超过20%水平的效率改进。然而,各功能区无论是农业环境效率值还是效率改进程度,在空间上存在显著的差异且在时间上呈现明显下降趋势。     

Efficiency and productivity of the food and beverage listed firms in the pre-recession and recessionary periods in Greece

This study uses data envelopment analysis to examine the liquidity and sales efficiency of the Food and Beverage listed firms in Athens Exchange in the period 2006–2012. The liquidity efficiency of the firms is higher than the sales efficiency but the results indicate that there are not statistical significant differences in the rankings estimated by the two models in each period. The Malmquist Productivity Index reveals that over the period of the study, firms have experienced an annual average increase in productivity of 0.5% (a slight progress). On examining the components of this productivity change, it becomes evident that firms have experienced an annual average of 2% increase in technology combined with a decrease in technical efficiency of –1.5%. The results indicate that 52.4% of the firms experienced productivity gains in the examined period, and this was mainly the result of technological gain rather than efficiency improvement. More than 90% of the firms in the sample shift the efficiency frontier and only 33.3% of the firms are catching up, improving their productivity by reducing inefficiency. Moreover, the empirical study reveals that the overall technical inefficiencies of the firms are primarily caused by pure technical inefficiencies rather than scale inefficiencies.     

国有与非国有工业企业生产效率差异研究——基于2008年第二次经济普查数据

作者根据第二次经济普查数据,研究了我国国有与非国有工业企业生产效率差异。OLS方法估计结果表明,国有与非国有工业企业生产效率差异从1995年的100%～400%,下降到2008年的17%～36%,随机前沿方法估计结果表明,国有与非国有工业企业技术无效率差异从1995年的22%～57%,下降到2008年的9%～21%,且国有工业企业技术效率仅比非国有工业企业低2.1%～6.3%,这表明国有工业企业的生产效率得到了大幅度提高,但国有企业生产效率的提高主要依赖其规模和垄断优势,在竞争性行业国有工业企业生产效率仍然低于非国有工业企业10%以上。     

我国工业行业全要素生产率变动分析

基于2006—2009年我国工业行业的面板数据,采用非参数Malmquist指数分析法,对我国工业的全要素生产率变动情况进行了实证研究,并将其分解为技术进步、纯技术效率和规模效率。结果表明:2006—2009年我国工业全要素生产率年均增长率仅为4.3%,技术进步年均增长率为1.6%,技术效率年均增长率为2.7%,技术进步已失去其推动全要素生产率增长的主导性优势地位;我国工业发展需注重同时提高技术效率和技术进步水平,否则全要素生产率增长会受到限制。     

Impact of financial reforms on efficiency of state-owned,private and foreign banks in Pakistan

This article uses a unique bank level data from 1991 to 2000 and evaluates how financial reforms affect banking efficiency of domestic and foreign banks in Pakistan. The results suggest that banking efficiency falls during initial reform period when banks adjust to enhanced competition but increases in more advanced stages of reform. While in general foreign and private banks show superior efficiency and factor productivity than do state-owned banks, the relative performance of foreign banks worsens after the consolidation stage of the financial reforms is over. We show the importance of link between bank size, asset quality and bank branches with efficiency indexes and also note that every 10% increase in share of nonperforming to total loans decreases banking efficiency by 6 to 10%.     

我国省域产学研合作效率及效率持续性——基于省域面板数据和DEA-Malmquist生产率指数法

以DEA模型、DEA-Malmquist生产率指数为研究工具,利用2006—2011年我国30个省(自治区、直辖市)的截面数据,对我国省域层面的产学研合作效率及效率持续性进行了实证分析。研究结果显示:我国产学研合作效率较低,产学研合作为DEA有效、弱DEA有效和非DEA有效的省区数量分别占样本省区总数的26.7%、10%和63.3%,其中非DEA有效的省区存在不同程度的投入冗余和产出不足问题;83.3%的样本省区的产学研合作全要素生产率有程度不同的增长,说明省域产学研合作效率保持了较好的增长态势,这种增长主要来自于技术进步,63.3%的样本省区的产学研合作技术效率呈下降趋势。最后,针对存在的问题提出政策建议,包括加强产学研合作、实现产学研成果的技术转移和有效应用、提高产学研合作的管理水平等。     

Re‐Examining the Technical Efficiency of Australian Banks: A Bootstrap DEA Approach

This study re‐examines both pure technical and scale efficiency of Australian banks using bootstrap data envelopment analysis (DEA). The aim is to improve the choice of variables of the core profit efficiency model which is commonly used in earlier Australian banking efficiency studies. After we introduce the “interest income” over “net interest income” variable in the core profit efficiency model, the proportion of fully pure technical efficient banks decreased to 23% which is significantly lower than 81% which was reported in a recent study. This research argues that the main issue that has contributed to this difference is that improving the choice of variables significantly increases the discriminatory power of efficiency estimates. Additionally, emphasising on statistical properties of efficiency estimates, this study employs bootstrap DEA to provide confidence intervals and bias corrected estimates of pure technical efficiency scores of the sample banks. The bootstrap results show the importance of incorporating sample variation and bias in estimating efficiency scores. Earlier Australian banking efficiency studies ignored such issues. The new findings from the sample banks could have important implications for the banking industry in Australia.     

Efficiency of hospitals in Germany: a DEA-bootstrap approach

Various attempts to assess the performance of German hospitals have generated a wide range of estimates regarding their efficiency. These attempts were based on different, often rather small data sets consisting of heterogeneous hospitals; the techniques applied range from simple benchmarking approaches to studies which employ Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). Some studies report ‘dramatic differences in efficiency’ and propose savings potentials of 50%; others find an average efficiency in excess of 95% and characterize almost 75% of their observations as fully efficient. This study presents results for two datasets representative of two segments of the German hospital system. These segments comprise all hospitals that have one internal medicine and one surgery department; the hospitals are located in the old federal states of Germany. None of the hospitals provides tertiary care. DEA can be applied because all hospitals offer a comparable quality and range of services. The results were estimated with a DEA-bootstrapping procedure and suggest an average bias–corrected efficiency of around 80%.     

Evaluating the technical efficiency of large US law firms

We conduct a performance evaluation in terms of technical efficiency of large law firms based on a unique sample of 163 large law firms in the USA in 1994. To estimate technical efficiency for individual firms, we use the stochastic frontier production function with composed errors where output (measured in terms of revenue) is a function of various labour and human capital inputs. Based on the sample, the average level of technical efficiency in the production of legal service in large US law firms is estimated at 82.20%. More than 87% of the firms attained 75% or higher level of technical efficiency. The estimation results also indicate that the number of lawyers, the number of paralegals, and the number of associates per partner, have a positive and statistically significant effect on the production of legal service.     

中国劳动报酬份额的演变趋势及其原因——基于最终需求和技术效率的视角

理解现阶段我国经济系统中劳动报酬的形成机理和产生效率,对于中国顺利实现产业结构转型,避免落入"中等收入陷阱",具有极其重要的意义。本文利用非竞争型投入产出模型,重点从需求结构和技术效率两个视角深入分析了开放背景下1987—2007年中国劳动报酬份额的演变趋势及其背后动因。研究发现,最终需求变动和技术效率变化对我国1987—2007年劳动报酬份额的演变具有非常显著的影响,最终需求结构、以需求衡量的产业结构、最终需求进口替代、劳动回报率、进口中间投入和投入产出效率对1987—2007年劳动报酬份额下降的贡献率分别为11%、14%、2%、38%、2%和33%。进一步研究发现,1997年之后,国内消费、投资和出口对我国劳动报酬的拉动系数呈大幅下降趋势,且拉动重心逐渐由国内居民消费转向投资和出口,这在很大程度上导致了1997年之后劳动报酬份额的显著下降。此外,包括劳动回报率、进口中间投入和投入产出效率在内的技术效率变化也是引起劳动报酬份额下降的重要原因。     

双歧杆菌三联活菌联合黄连素治疗慢性腹泻疗效分析

目的评价双歧杆菌三联活菌联合黄连素治疗慢性腹泻的临床疗效和复发率。方法将120例慢性腹泻患者随机分为应用双歧杆菌三联活菌联合黄连素治疗的观察组、应用左氧氟沙星联合黄连素治疗的对照组,观察两组治疗3周后的疗效及1年复发率,并进行比较。结果观察组总有效率为96.7%,对照组总有效率为78.3%,观察组总有效率明显优于对照组(P<0.05);观察组1年复发率为25.9%,对照组1年复发率为42.6%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组患者均未发现明显不良反应。结论双歧杆菌三联活菌联合黄连素治疗慢性腹泻安全、有效,复发率低。     

我国不同规模奶牛场的技术效率及其影响因素分析——基于新分类数据和随机距离函数

运用2004—2008年我国23个主要奶牛养殖省牛奶生产的新分类数据,使用随机距离函数计算了中国牛奶生产的技术效率及其变动趋势。研究结果表明:全国牛奶生产的平均技术效率为78.3%,年均增长速度5.5%,效率的进步特征明显;不同规模奶牛场的技术效率差异显著,适度扩大养殖规模有利于提升效率水平;卫生防疫、饲料投入结构、市场的消费需求和养殖户收益等因素对牛奶生产的技术效率具有显著的正向影响。     

R&D资源错配与绿色创新效率损失——基于中国高技术产业的实证分析

基于中国高技术产业数据,测算R&D资源错配并实证分析其造成的绿色创新效率损失。从理论上分析不同R&D资源错配造成绿色创新效率损失的具体机理,采用中国内地省级高技术产业数据,结合反事实方法,测算R&D资源错配造成的绿色创新效率损失情况。结果表明,2000—2018年,中国高技术产业绿色创新效率呈不断上升趋势,但整体水平仍较低;中国高技术产业存在明显的R&D资源错配问题,R&D资本和R&D人力错配均属于资源配置过多的情况;R&D资源错配对绿色创新效率具有显著抑制作用,整体上造成中国高技术产业绿色创新效率损失值为0.0614,损失率达26.4%。基于此,必须持续推动要素市场化改革,激发市场活力,消除要素流动障碍,促进R&D资本和R&D人力在区域间合理配置。     

我国不同类型工业企业生产效率的区域差异研究

工业企业生产效率是一个国家或地区工业发展水平的重要标志,我国各种类型企业由于所有制形式不同,其运作机制和效率也有差异,本文通过应用Cobb-Douglas生产函数模型,并利用充足的数据分析了分省加总的不同类型工业企业的生产及其效率。研究得出我国1999~2002年,对几乎绝大多数省份而言,国有及国有控股企业的生产效率最低,而生产效率最高的企业是三资企业,同时研究也表明,在区域层面上来看,东部地区的各种类型企业生产效率比其他地区的生产效率高20%以上,这要求以后在研究区域差异时应更多关注区域生产的差异。     

环保视角下中国省际全要素能源效率分析

将全要素框架下的总能源效率分为经济型能源效率和环境型能源效率,并在经济与环境并重的前提下对DEA模型进行了设定,计算了2005—2011年期间我国29个省(自治区、直辖市)的总能源效率及两类能源效率。结果表明:在考虑环境的重要性后,样本省区的全要素能源效率呈下降趋势;环境保护的低效率使得中部地区的全要素能源效率均值明显小于西部地区;河北、山东、四川和山西4省的节能潜力最大,4省的节能减排量合计占中国总节能减排量的30%以上。     

农地利用结构经济效率横向比较研究——基于C^2R、BC^2与超效率C^2R模型

研究目的：横向比较评价我国31个省（市、自治区）农地利用结构的综合效率、技术效率和规模效率,并按照超效率对各地区进行排序。研究方法：数据包络分析（DEA）的C2R模型、BC2模型与超效率C2R模型。研究结果：（1）总体来说,大多数地区农用地利用结构综合效率低下,主要原因是技术效率太低;（2）我国74.2%的地区农地利用处于规模报酬递减阶段,要提高生产效率,必须调整用地结构;（3）超效率值较高的地区主要是经济发达地区和传统农业大省。     

The use of the scaling property in a frontier analysis of a system of equations

ABSTRACT

This article presents a one-stage efficiency frontier analysis based on the scaling property. This type of analysis is a not very often applied in empirical work in spite of its nice features. Due to the scaling property the influence of exogenous (managerial) variables on efficiency can be modelled and estimated in one stage. It also opens the possibility of estimating a system of equations, consisting of a cost function and the corresponding cost share equations. The model is applied to a unique data set of Dutch secondary education school boards in the period 2007–10, not only consisting of regular data on cost, inputs and outputs, but also of specific data on operational management. The model provides reliable and plausible estimates for the cost efficiency, scale elasticity, and technical change. Average cost efficiency is about 96%. Economies of scale prevail for school boards with size less than 0.8 times average size, whereas annual productivity growth is 2.2% on average.     

中国银行业效率的实证分析

中国于 2 0 0 1年 1 2月加入WTO ,5年之后必须对外全面开放国内银行业市场。中国的银行一直以大量不良贷款和效率低下而著称。尽管在逐步改革 ,中国的银行体系仍由国有银行主导并形成垄断控制。怎样提高效率是国内银行尤其是国有商业银行生存和成功的关键。以下两个重要因素可能有助于提高中国的银行效率 :所有制改革和硬预算约束。本文使用了 2 2家银行 1 995— 2 0 0 1年期间的一组数据 ,利用随机前沿生产函数研究了所有制结构和硬预算约束对银行效率的影响。经验结果表明 ,非国有银行比国有银行效率高 1 1 %— 1 8% ;面临硬预算约束的银行的绩效比国家和地方政府投入大量资本的银行好。本文结论的重要意义是 :在加入WTO 3年后的今天 ,中国银行业的改革面临着更为严峻的挑战     

创业板上市公司全要素生产率分析——基于DEA—Malmquist指数法的实证研究

本文选取50家创业板上市公司2007-2011年间的面板数据,使用DEA-Malmquist指数法对其全要素生产率的变动进行测算,并对全要素生产率变动的驱动因素进行分解,以分析创业板上市公司在上市后是否是通过生产率的提升实现内生性增长。研究结论是,50家样本公司在2007-2011年间呈现出全要素生产率的负增长（-6．2％）。其中,技术进步的贡献为-6．9％,纯技术效率改进的贡献为2．2％,规模效率改进的贡献为-1．5％。各年度样本公司的全要素生产率增长率呈现出递减趋势。