高管报酬激励与企业绩效——来自中国上市公司的证据

本文利用我国上市公司高管人员报酬数据及财务数据,分析了上市公司高管人员的报酬现状及其报酬绩效联系.我们发现,上市公司高管报酬的变化与当年的会计绩效显著正相关,但与会计绩效的变化之间的关系不稳定,上市公司股东价值每增加100万元,高管平均报酬仅增加3.8元;上市公司市场异常收益率每增加10%,高管平均报酬增加1.58%.不同性质和规模的公司报酬绩效联系不同.     

Executive remuneration and financial performance in Brazilian companies

The objective of this study is to investigate the existence of a relationship between executive remuneration and financial performance in 28 Brazilian companies from the industrial sector. These companies have been selected among those companies elected as ＂The Best Companies to Work for in Brazil＂. In order to operationalize the remuneration variable, the authors use the monthly salary, the variable salary and three indexes--of benefits, career and professional development--which have been created especially for this survey. To measure financial performance, the authors use three accounting measures： sales growth, return on equity （ROE） and return on sales （ROS）. The results point the existence of a relationship between executive remuneration and financial performance.     

上市公司职业经理人薪酬与企业绩效关系的实证研究

本文主要讨论了我国上市公司职业经理入薪酬变动与企业绩效变动的关系。本文选取了2002年和2003年的上市公司年报中披露的业绩和职业经理入薪酬的数据,利用线性回归和相关分析法检验了我国上市公司职业经理入薪酬的激励制约机制。研究发现,职业经理入的薪酬变动与上年业绩相关性显著,并且随着经理入是否持股、国有股比例和公司所处地域的影响。而职业经理入本年薪酬变动与本年业绩变动的关系不明显,说明我国的激励机制有待完善。而且,职业经理入薪酬下降时导致本年业绩的下降,说明薪酬的制约机制有待建立。     

中国上市公司高管薪酬影响因素分析——来自制造业上市公司的证据

随着中国经济的快速发展,上市公司高管薪酬一直是各方关注的焦点。对2006—2011年六年内中国制造业上市公司的高级管理人员的薪酬状况和影响因素进行分析,发现,中国制造业上市公司高管的薪酬与公司绩效、企业规模和公司所在地区的市场环境有关,具体的影响关系是:高管薪酬与公司绩效和公司规模存在正相关关系,与公司所在地区的市场环境存在负相关关系,与高管持股比例相关性不显著。     

高管薪酬与企业绩效的相关性——以信息技术行业上市公司为例

在对我国信息技术行业上市公司的高管薪酬和企业绩效进行描述性统计的基础上,采用多元线性回归模型,对样本公司的高管薪酬与其绩效的相关关系进行分析。研究结果表明:信息技术行业上市公司的高管薪酬与每股收益和净资产收益率两个财务指标显著正相关,与其他业绩指标不显著相关;在非财务指标中,高管薪酬与资产规模、高管持股、股权集中度、地区等非财务指标相关。这说明,虽然我国上市公司已建立起基于绩效评价的薪酬激励制度,但业绩评价指标过于单一,薪酬激励制度有待完善。     

我国上市公司经理人激励的业绩基础选择性实证研究

以我国上市公司为样本对经理人激励的业绩基础选择问题进行了实证检验。研究发现目前我国上市公司经理人报酬契约只倚重会计业绩指标,而将市场业绩指标和相对业绩指标排除在报酬契约之外,这极易导致经理人行为的短期化,提高代理成本,降低上市公司的运作效率。因此,必须调整上市公司经理人的报酬结构,建立基于会计业绩的短期激励与基于市场业绩的长期激励相结合的经理人报酬激励机制。     

高管人力资本、高管报酬和公司绩效关系的实证研究——以中部地区上市公司为例

高管人力资本、高管报酬和公司绩效三者之间体现何种关系特征,是企业配置高管人员有效实施高管报酬激励的重要依据,是提升公司绩效的有效保证。本文的研究结果表明,高管的任期与公司绩效存在正相关关系,与高管报酬存在负相关关系;高管年龄与公司绩效存在负相关关系,与高管报酬存在正相关关系;高管的教育背景与公司绩效存在负相关关系,与高管报酬存在正相关关系。公司治理因素尤其是股权因素对高管人力资本特征与公司绩效、高管报酬的相关性有很大的影响。     

Firm performance,corporate governance and executive compensation in Pakistan

This study examines the effects of firm performance and corporate governance on chief executive officer (CEO) compensation in an emerging market, Pakistan. Using a more robust Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) estimation approach for a sample of non-financial firms listed at Karachi Stock Exchange over the period 2005–2012, we find that both current- and previous-year accounting performances has positive influence on CEO compensation. However, stock market performance does not appear to have a positive impact on executive compensation. We further find that ownership concentration is positively related with CEO compensation, indicating some kind of collusion between management and largest shareholder to get personal benefits. Inconsistent with agency theory, CEO duality appears to have a negative influence, while board size and board independence have no convincing relationship with CEO compensation, indicating board ineffectiveness in reducing CEO entrenchment. The results of dynamic GMM model suggest that CEO pay is highly persistent and takes time to adjust to long-run equilibrium.     

Managing portfolio risk in strategic technology management: evidence from a panel data-set of the world's largest R&D performers

In this article, we analyze the impact of firms’ technology bases on their financial performance. By taking a strategic perspective of technology, we argue that it is not sufficient to analyze only the size or novelty/quality of the technology base as technology bases can best be understood as portfolios of individual technologies. In such a framework, risk consideration should be taken into account. More specifically, we argue that increasing technological breadth can serve as a hedge against the inherent uncertainties of developing and commercializing technology, in particular when the technology base is very large or novel. We also propose that technology has higher impacts on financial performance for firms with broader technology portfolios. A similar argument proposes that technological breadth can offset the increased risks of addressing foreign markets. We test our hypotheses using an international panel data-set of large R&D-performing firms. Our results suggest that broad technology portfolios can indeed serve as a hedge against technological and commercialization risks.     

Innovation in R&D service firms: evidence from the UK

Research and Development (R&D) service firms make significant contributions to innovation in other businesses. The extant literature considers these firms a homogenous sub-group of Knowledge Intensive Business Service firms (KIBS). The objective of this study is to investigate how R&D service firms innovate and the variety of innovation practices within these firms. Employing data from semi-structured interviews with senior managers from 32 UK-based R&D service firms, we suggest that there are two different modes of innovation: in the first mode, R&D service firms innovate similarly to KIBS whose innovation is ad-hoc in nature and driven by customers’ requests; another group of R&D service firms innovate like New Technology-based Firms (NTBFs) relying more on structured in-house R&D activities.     

Combat,casualties, and compensation: Evidence from Iraq and Afghanistan

Our research examines the effect of combat deployments to Iraq and Afghanistan on casualties and combat exposure compensation policy. We use restricted data from the Defense Manpower Data Center (DMDC) and Social Security Administration (SSA) to construct a panel of all US Active Duty service members having served at some point during the years 2001–2012. Casualties disproportionately occur at higher rates among (i) young, white, males, (ii) enlisted personnel, (iii) less educated personnel, and (iv) those in combat job types. Our estimates indicate that overall US military personnel who deployed in an individual year to Iraq or Afghanistan had a 45 per 100,000 higher probability of death than non-deployed military personnel who remained stateside. The increased fatal injury risk of deployed US military personnel is 15 times higher than the national average civilian workplace fatality rate, but roughly equal to the fatal injury risk faced in some of the most dangerous civilian occupations. Our estimates suggest a compensating wage differential equal to $861 per month would be appropriate in comparison to the current average of $1238 per month in danger pay provided to US military personnel deployed into combat zones. We recommend a revenue-neutral approach in adjusting the pay structure for military members. For example, the military should consider increasing bonuses or base pay while simultaneously decreasing danger pay by an equivalent amount. Furthermore, it may be beneficial to adjust danger pay by service or job type to reflect fatality risk more accurately.     

Firm investment and financial conditions in the euro area: evidence from firm-level data

We explore whether the sensitivity of firm-level investment to cash flow, typically associated with an external financing premium, is time-varying and in particular whether it varies with overall financial conditions. We find that financial conditions have indeed played a significant role in corporate investment decisions over recent years, rendering financing constraints even more binding. This finding appears to be robust to a number of control variables and robustness tests. Moreover, the impact of credit conditions is not uniform across firms, but rather it varies depending on firm size and leverage, with constrained firms being substantially more likely to condition their investment decisions on overall credit conditions. Our results cast new light on the interplay between financial and real cycle downturns and underline the need for monetary, fiscal and macroprudential policy to be countercyclical with respect to financial conditions.     

高管薪酬利益驱动下的企业并购——来自中国上市公司的经验证据

并购是企业最为重要的一项资源配置战略,而实施这项战略计划的决策权一般掌控在公司高管手中,因此,研究并购中高管人员的行为动机具有重要意义。文章以2002~2004年发生并购的中国上市公司为样本,研究了并购中企业高管人员的自身利益变化。经验证据表明,企业高管人员有很强的动机通过企业并购这种方式增加自己的薪酬和控制权收益,研究后还发现,当企业高管人员处于临近退休时,这种动机会更加强烈。同时发现,由于制度刚性的存在,企业高管人员会借助并购,并通过并购后公司资产规模的扩大、雇佣员工人数的增加等因素增加自己的薪酬,而且薪酬变化呈现出明显的地区性差异。这项研究结果对公司治理中企业高管人员的薪酬契约设计亦有一定的借鉴意义。     

代内成长型组织执行力关键：中层管理者

稳定快速地发展是代内成长型组织的主要目标,其执行力水平的高低直接决定该目标能否实现.在执行作为系统工程的前提下,通过转变中层管理者的传统思维方式、增强中层管理者情感强度、提高中层管理者的沟通协调能力、推行跟进制度等四种途径增强中层管理者的执行力,进而提高组织的运营效率和业绩.     

Innovation and productivity in family firms: evidence from a sample of European firms

ABSTRACT

Using firm-level data, we estimate the returns to R&D investments for a sample of European manufacturing firms over the period 2007–2009. Results confirm that R&D efforts are positively related to productivity regardless of firm type (family or nonfamily firms). Additionally, we find that family firms invested more in R&D than nonfamily firms, but the returns to their R&D investments are low, emphasizing that they have a lower capacity to translate R&D investments into economic gains.     

Technological races and stock market value: evidence from the pharmaceutical industry

We provide estimates of the abnormal stock market returns associated with pharmaceutical firms’ announcements of technological and regulatory successes in drug development. On the basis of these estimates, we find empirical support for two key features of technological race models. First, we observe that leaders in the innovation race record higher abnormal returns than do latecomers when they announce a success. Hence, firms should indeed be racing to complete the innovation process before their rivals. Second, pharmaceutical firms are adversely affected by the technological and regulatory success of their rivals, implying that interfirm spillovers in drug development are not sufficient to offset technological rivalry. Additional results are also produced regarding the impact of competition on R&D racing and the extent of therapeutic competition.     

Decentralized and concentrated investments in China and the performance of Taiwanese listed electronic companies

Ever since China surpassed Taiwan to become the largest exporter of electronic products, dependence between the two sides has deepened, which prompts Taiwanese companies to go public in China. This study conducted the data envelopment analysis (DEA) and regression analysis to analyse the impacts of the depth and breadth of investments in China on the performance of Taiwanese listed electronic companies. The empirical results show that, the breath of the investments in China has a positive correlation with the performance of Taiwanese companies; while the depth of investments in China has a negative and significant effect on the performances due to the companies’ lack of know-how, which leads to a high-learning cost. In summary, companies should strategize their decentralized and concentrated investments in China.     

The role of quality standards in innovative service companies: An empirical analysis for Germany

Proceeding from theoretical hypotheses, driving forces for the introduction of the ISO 9000ff series in innovative service companies are analysed. Based on the European Community Innovation Survey (CIS), a probit model is estimated with different explanatory variables based on a sample of innovative German service companies. The first analysis of the role of the quality standard ISO 9000ff in German innovative service companies, based on general hypotheses concerning the role of quality standards, produced elucidating results. Besides sector- and size-specific differences, the use of “risky” technologies positively influences the probability of introducing ISO 9000ff. This quality standard has another twofold impact: First, as expected, it is a quality seal for the customers of the service company, especially in markets with homogeneous products and average qualities. Second, the introduction of ISO 9000ff has impacts on the internal processes of the service companies. In contrast to a conventional product standard, it supports the management in being flexible, especially towards the preferences of the customers and in reaching project deadlines. However, the introduction may also increase the pressure on the employees who are therefore evidently more reluctant about its introduction. Consequently, the empirical results underpin most of the theoretical hypotheses on the role of quality standards in service companies.     

Exploring outward FDI and the choice of destination: evidence from Swedish firm-level data

Using Swedish firm-level data on all firms and their affiliates abroad, we investigate what observable firm and country characteristics affect the size of an affiliate in a particular destination. We employ the richness of the data to investigate the importance of destination country factors in explaining firm outward FDI activities and distinguish between the factors that affect such activities in manufacturing versus services firms as well as vertical versus horizontal investments. Our results lend support to existing theories of multinational activity of manufacturing but not services firms. We also find observable differences between vertical and horizontal manufacturing firms that are not always explained by theory.     

Founders versus non-founders in large companies: financial incentives and the call for regulation

This paper is intended to question some of the premises in the ever increasing calls to regulate executive pay. We focus on founders, and extend Shleifer and Vishny’s (1989, Journal of Political Economy, 94, 461–488) manager-specific investments model by explicitly modeling managerial effort and pay performance sensitivity. Tests of this model on a data set of large companies, controlling for the endogeneity of managerial compensation, indicate that founders tend to be less responsive to performance incentives and generally more entrenched. At the same time, founders’ led firms are more valuable, supporting our predictions. This suggests that for founders, regulation of compensation may not be very effective.