Used automobile protection and trade: Gravity and ordered probit analysis

There is a great deal of protection against used automobile imports in many countries of the world that has gone largely unnoticed in the trade policy literature. Indeed, there has been no recent attempt to systematically analyze the determinants of used automobile trade and the role of protection in this trade. This paper makes a preliminary attempt, introducing an ordered measure of protection levels in 132 countries. A gravity model of used automobile exports from the United States shows that protection measures against used automobile import have a statistically-significant, suppressive effect on trade flows. An ordered probit analysis of the protection measures themselves points to new automobile production interests as a key factor behind used automobile protection. Other relevant explanatory factors of protection are income levels, democratic regime, transitional status, WTO membership, and income distribution.First version received: December 2002/Final version received: August 2003The authors would like to thank Ken Button, Michael Ferrantino, Kingsley Haynes, the late Don Lavois, Keith Maskus, Arvind Panagariya, Baldev Raj, Thomas Strattman, Roger Stough, Wendy Takacs, Michael Walsh, and two anonymous referees for helpful comments and discussions.     

贸易引力模型:来自中国的实证与启示

作者在采用并修正贸易引力模型的基础上,验证了决定中国双边贸易的主要因素是贸易伙伴的经济规模(GDP总量)、人口、空间距离和贸易政策等,并通过Beta系数检验证明区域经济合作组织是影响中国对外贸易最重要的因素;通过贸易潜力分析,说明中国目前应当充分重视国内市场,坚持扩大内需的战略,同时积极调整贸易结构,改善贸易增长方式。     

对我国《反洗钱法》构建的几点建议

洗钱犯罪的日趋猖獗使得世界各个国家和地区纷纷通过立法等各种措施对其加以控制和打击。虽然我国的反洗钱法律体系正在不断的成熟和完善,但缺乏一部独立的《反洗钱法》,这给我国的反洗钱工作带来了极大的不便。因此,应根据我国的实际情况,尽快提出我国《反洗钱法》的构建措施,以此作为完善我国反洗钱立法的选择和切入点。     

ISO9000标准贸易效应的实证研究

尽管至今已有大量文献研究了国际标准的贸易效应,但我们对实际情况仍然了解甚少。以ISO9000标准为代表对国际质量标准的贸易效应进行了实证研究,研究借鉴了引力模型,将各国ISO9001：2000／2008标准认证企业数量作为贸易条件参数。实证结果表明,出口国和进口国ISO9000标准认证的增加都有利于促进出口增长,这在发展中国家对发达国家的出口中表现的最为明显。这意味着,对我国出口企业而言,ISO9000标准在缓解信息不对称方面的正面作用远远超过了认证成本增加带来的负面影响。     

制度因素与东亚双边贸易:贸易引力模型的实证分析

银行与金融、政府干预、黑市活动、资本流动与外国投资、货币政策对东亚经济体出口贸易有重要影响,银行与金融、政府干预、产权、政府负担对东亚经济体进口贸易有重要影响。提高政府干预质量,积极合理地引进国际直接投资,建立并完善公正廉洁高效的司法体系应成为东亚经济体各政府未来重要的政策取向。     

电子货币洗钱行为的经济学解释

具有匿名性、即时性和跨国界性等特征的电子货币将有利于洗钱,并给反洗钱造成潜在的威胁,但是迄今为止还未发现利用电子货币进行洗钱的实例.根据洗钱者的成本收益比较分析,作出了一个合理的解释,并用博弈论对电子货币反洗钱策略进行了研究.     

中日蔬菜贸易流量与贸易前景——基于引力模型的研究

由于中国蔬菜产业的迅猛发展,国内市场早已出现饱和状态,蔬菜产品出口势头强劲,中国已经成为世界蔬菜生产和出口的第一大国。虽然中国蔬菜出口的绝对量很大,但与其他蔬菜出口大国相比还有很大差距,因此蔬菜产业出口还有很大提升空间。日本作为中国蔬菜出口的第一大市场,吸收了中国蔬菜出口量的40%左右。因此,研究中日两国的蔬菜贸易可以为双边蔬菜贸易发展提供借鉴和指导。     

Inside and outside fiat money, gains to trade, and IS-LM

Summary. We build a one-period general equilibrium model with money. Equilibrium exists, and fiat money has positive value, as long as the ratio of outside money to inside money is less than the gains to trade available at autarky. We show that the nominal effects of government fiscal and monetary policy can be completely described by a diagram identical in form to the IS-LM curves introduced by Hicks to describe Keynes' general theory. IS-LM analysis is thus not incompatible with full market clearing, multiple commodities, and heterogeneous households. We show that as the government deficit approaches a finite threshold, hyperinflation sets in (prices converge to infinity and real trade collapses). At the other extreme, if the government surplus is too large, the economy enters a liquidity trap in which nominal GNP sinks and monetary policy is ineffectual. Received: January 2, 2002; revised version: April 8, 2002 Correspondence to: P. Dubey     

基于引力模型的内地与香港双边贸易流量研究

内地各省市(自治区)的GDP和人均GDP、香港人均GDP、绝对距离以及泛珠三角区域合作组织等解释变量.是影响双边贸易流量的主要因素,但影响程度各有不同.因此,内地与香港应采取针对性的措施,进一步加强经贸交流和合作,充分发挥各自的区位优势和竞争优势,实现两地经济的共同繁荣.     

How effective is the Free Trade Agreement in South Asia? An empirical investigation

We investigate the efficacy of preferential trade liberalization in changing the observed trade pattern among the South Asian countries that have entered into the South Asian Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA). Although in its nascent stage, some data are now available to provide an ex-post evaluation of the performance of this bloc. Using these data, we find no empirical evidence of trade creation among SAFTA members, which is not surprising given that tariff concessions in SAFTA are small and are offset by complicated rules of origin procedure. However, a substantial and statistically significant increase in exports from SAFTA members to the rest of the world is found. Several panel strategies are used to check the sensitivity of the results against the assumptions of the estimation strategies. As some key coefficient estimates are found to differ across estimation methods, policymakers in South Asia need to use care in relying on the results from empirical studies, including our own, in formulating their trade policies.     

区域贸易安排的“双边服务贸易效应”经验研究——基于扩展引力模型的2000-2009年面板数据分析

文章基于2000-2009年双边服务贸易面板数据,并运用扩展的引力模型,对区域贸易安排的"服务贸易效应"展开了经验研究。研究发现:(1)整体上看,"区域贸易安排"对双边服务贸易产生了显著的促进作用,但"区域货物贸易安排"对服务贸易的影响缺乏统计显著性。(2)"区域服务贸易安排"对双边服务贸易流量产生了显著的正向影响。"南北型"区域服务贸易安排的"服务贸易效应"超过了"南南型"和"北北型",而且非对称性的"南北型"区域服务贸易安排对双边服务贸易的影响最显著,将双边服务出口流量提升了73.71%-76.81%。(3)"区域服务贸易安排"对服务贸易的影响大致需2年时间逐渐释放,表明区域服务贸易安排的"渐入期"要小于区域货物贸易安排(约10年)。     

Empirical analysis on China money multiplier

The paper firstly represents two kind statements of China money multipliers and theoretically analyzes the relationship between each structure factor and China money multiplier. Secondly, it summarizes the several features and the move trends of China narrow and broad money multipliers and their structure factors. Thirdly, the paper empirically analyzes how and what degree the each structure factor affects China narrow and broad money multipliers holding everything else constant. At last two important conclusions are got, that is, the required reserve ratio is the most associated with China money multipliers and the saving deposit ratio is more associated with that, the required reserve ratio and the interest rates can be used as the ways of affecting money aggregate by the People＇s Bank of China.     

The theory of fiat money and private money as alternative media of exchange

A random-matching model with a clearinghouse is constructed to investigate the impact of private money on economic efficiency and social welfare in three monetary regimes. A subset of agents, called bankers, whose credit histories are recorded by the clearinghouse, are allowed to issue private banknotes in order to consume. Those private liabilities may serve as media of exchange, either by themselves, or alongside a stock of fiat money. Under certain conditions, welfare in a monetary steady state with private money is strictly higher than that attained in a steady state where private money is prohibited.     

Some further evidence on the long-run neutrality of money

A recently developed reduced-form test for long-run neutrality is applied to twentieth-century Australian data on real output and the nominal money stock. The results show that narrowly defined money is neutral. However, real output is not invariant in the long run to a broader-based measure of the money stock.     

Why does the velocity of money move pro‐cyclically?

The velocity of money usually rises in expansions and falls in recessions This paper explains this pro‐cyclical movement of velocity using two ideas: (i) during business cycles the movement of investment and consumption of durable goods has a larger amplitude than consumption of non‐durable goods and services; (ii) the velocity associated with expenditure on investment and durable goods is much higher than the velocity associated with consumption of non‐durable goods and services, because the former expenditures are synchronized with the attainment of money by economic agents whereas the latter are not. In this setting, the rise in the weight of expenditure in durable goods relative to the weight of non‐durable goods and services, which occurs during expansions, generates an increase in the average velocity of circulation. The opposite happens during recessions and thus velocity moves pro‐cyclically.     

基层央行反洗钱职责履行中的重点与难点

履行反洗钱监管职责是央行的重点工作之一。对于直接担负反洗钱监管职责的基层央行来说,如何有效地把握工作重点和克服难点,是做好反洗钱工作的关键。本文从反洗钱实践角度出发,对基层央行反洗钱职责履行中的重点和难点进行了分析,并在此基础上提出了相应的对策建议。