Relative price efficiency,technical change,and scale economies for large commercial banks

One of the more important and frequently researched topics in banking is the production process. Previous studies of bank production, however, have employed a methodology which is not appropriate for regulated firms. We generate cost estimates for large commercial banks utilizing a generalized cost model which subsumes the commonly used model as a special case. Our findings suggest that the traditional methodology is inappropriate for the sample banks and generates biased estimates of cost parameters, scale effects, and the influence of technological change. The new methodology allows us to measure directly the effect of regulation on bank costs. The effect found is small, but significant.     

WTO challenges and efficiency of Chinese banks

After joining the World Trade Organisation (WTO) in December 2001, China was given 5 years to completely open up its banking market for international competition. Chinese banks have been renowned for their mounting nonperforming loans and low efficiency. Despite gradual reforms, the banking system is still dominated by state ownership and encapsulated monopolistic control. How to raise efficiency is a key to the survival and success of domestic banks, especially the state-owned commercial banks. Two important factors may be responsible for raising efficiency: ownership reform and hard budget constraints. This article uses a panel data of 22 banks over the period 1995 to 2001, and employs a stochastic frontier production function to investigate the effects of ownership structure and hard budget constraint on efficiency. Empirical results suggest that nonstate banks were 8–18% more efficient than state banks, and that banks facing a harder budget tend to perform better than those heavily capitalized by the state or regional governments. The results shed important light on banking sector reform in China to face the tough challenges after WTO accession.     

The comparative efficiency performance of small and large US commercial banks in the pre- and post-deregulation eras

The purposes of this paper are twofold: first, to employ a flexible non-parametric approach to contrast the productive efficiency of a sample of small and large banks in order to examine the relationship between size and productive performance in the banking industry. Second, to investigate whether the relative efficiency performance of small and large banks has changed following the changes in the banking environment in the 1980s and to contrast the rate of technological change achieved by these two groups of banks over this time period. The findings based on group-specific frontiers suggest that in the pre-deregulation environment small banks were more efficient than the large banks while in the deregulated environment small and large banks were equally efficient. Moreover, the dispersion in the efficiency measures of the small banks is found to have increased substantially while that of the large banks changed little over the sample period.     

Austrian Economics as a Progressive Paradigm: Explaining More Complex Economic Phenomena

This article examines two major issues of Austrian economics. The first is the alleged superiority of Austrian over neoclassical economics. The second is the capacity of Austrian economics to support new theoretical research. The analysis shows that Austrian economics has the widest domain of validity for explaining economic phenomena. It is also shown that Austrian economics has a progressive theoretical character due to the fact that there exist a number of analytical phenomena that Austrian economics cannot explain in its present state but that may be explained by means of a leap with continuity from Austrian anthropological presuppositions.     

Run theorems for low returns and large banks

In this paper, we revisit the issue of bank fragility in the Diamond and Dybvig (J Polit Econ 91:401–419, 1983) model with sequential service and finite traders. We provide a precise condition under which banks are susceptible to a run when the return on investment is low, and we show that sufficiently large banks are always susceptible to a run. One interpretation of the condition is that exposure to runs occurs when desire for consumption smoothing or predictability of preference profiles are relatively high.     

Efficiency and economies of scale of large Canadian banks

Abstract.  This paper measures the economies of scale of Canada's six largest banks and their cost-efficiency over time. Using a unique panel data set from 1983 to 2003, we estimate pooled cost functions and derive measures of relative efficiency and economies of scale. The disaggregation of the data allows us to include non-traditional outputs as well as time-varying, bank-specific effects. Our model leads us to reject constant returns to scale. These findings suggest there are potential scale benefits in the Canadian banking industry. We also find that technological and regulatory changes have had significant positive effects on the banks' cost structure.     

A note on the informational efficiency of Austrian economic forecasts

Zusammenfassung Aus der rationalen Erwartungshypothese abgeleitete Kriterien werden dazu verwendet, sieben regelmäßig veröffentlichte Prognosereihen des Österreichischen Instituts für Wirtschaftsforschung auf effiziente Informationsverarbeitung zu testen. Die Arbeit diskutiert zuerst die Beziehung zwischen den Konzepten Optimale Prognose und Rationale Erwartungen und beschreibt daran anschließend die verwendeten Testverfahren. Besondere Beachtung finden mögliche Schwierigkeiten bei der Anwendung der Tests. Für drei der sieben getesteten Prognosereihen muß die Hypothese der Informationseffizienz verworfen werden. Als Erklärung für diese Ergebnisse wird auf die Möglichkeit hingewiesen, daß Prognosehersteller zu pessimistischen Einschätzungen der Wirtschaftsentwicklung tendieren oder, technisch ausgedrückt, asymmetrische Verlustfunktionen besitzen. Die Arbeit schließt mit einem Plädoyer für die Erweiterung der traditionellen Genauigkeits-und Treffsicherheitsanalysen von Prognosen durch Tests auf Informationseffizienz. Nur diese Tests berücksichtigen die stochastischen Eigenschaften der zu prognostizierenden Variablen, was für die Beurteilung der Prognosegüte jedoch von entscheidender Bedeutung sein kann.

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I am indebted to several persons for helpful comments on earlier versions of this note. Obstinate but always constructive criticism by K. Neusser is gratefully acknowledged. The usual proviso applies.     

Ownership structure and market conduct among Swiss banks

This paper explores the degree of competition among each of several major categories of Swiss banks, using a structural econometric model. Conduct is found to vary across ownership structures, with foreign-owned banks exhibiting the most market power and state-owned or mutual banks the least. The results are consistent with agency theory but contrast with some previous empirical results. They are also consistent with a Swiss premium in the provision of international banking services, though this latter hypothesis is not formally tested.     

Equity and asset growth among Subchapter S banks

Since 2004, commercial banks in the United States have been allowed to elect Subchapter S (hence Sub-S) status with up to 100 shareholders. That limitation may promote more effective monitoring of bank managers by shareholders which can, in turn, explain previous findings of superior performance among Sub-S banks. The present research focuses on the possibility that the shareholder limitation also constrains opportunities for bank growth, or a slow growth hypothesis for Sub-S banks. Using a differences-in-differences regression approach for a sample of community banks (i.e., less than $1b in assets) from 2004 to 2014, and controlling for initial assets and urban location, it is found that annual growth in real assets and equity was significantly higher among banks that never held Sub-S status than for banks that always held Sub-S status, and that banks switching to Sub-S later grew significantly faster than those that always held Sub-S status. Fixed effects regressions show that switching to Sub-S status significantly reduced equity growth, with asset growth significantly reduced after 2008. In conjunction with earlier findings, the results suggest that the availability of Sub-S status helped to protect and strengthen community banks across a time period including substantial financial turmoil.     

中国商业银行技术效率状况分析

基于数据包络理论,本文研究了我国11家主要商业银行1999-2006年的技术效率状况.研究结果表明:1999--2006年间,我国商业银行整体效率呈现出先下降,后上升的趋势.我国商业银行的技术效率并不差,其加权平均技术效率值处在[0.6,1].11家被研究的商业银行中,中国民生银行的技术效率最好.固有商业银行的股份制改造和公司治理水平的提高,时提高我国商业银行的整体技术效率起到了积极作用.     

Regulation and efficiency in transition: the case of Romanian banks

Using disaggregated panel data for the period 1996–2002, this paper estimates the cost efficiency of Romanian banks and relates it to regulation implemented by the National Bank of Romania. We estimate efficiency using a model that combines the frameworks of both stochastic frontier analysis and shadow cost functions. Our results indicate that, for all types of banks, the cost of technical inefficiency decreases in the years following tightening of regulation. A significant part of this decrease can be attributed to the policy change. Overall, the short-run increase in cost due to additional regulation exceeds the benefits from reduced technical inefficiency. However, our model does not account for other benefits, besides changes in X-inefficiency, such as stability of the banking system, which may be significant.      

Competition among banks and the pass-through of monetary policy

This paper introduces monopolistically competitive financial intermediaries into the New Keynesian DSGE setting. Modelling bank market power explicitly contributes to understanding two empirical facts: (i) The short-run transmission of changes in money market rates to bank retail rates is far from complete and heterogeneous. (ii) Stiffer competition among commercial banks implies that loan rates correlate more tightly with the policy rate. In my model, the degree of monopolistic competition in the banking sector has a sizeable impact on the pass-through of changes in the policy rate. In particular, a more competitive market for bank credit amplifies the efficiency of monetary policy.     

Research Productivity in Business Economics: An Investigation of Austrian,German and Swiss Universities

Abstract. We draw on a new and comprehensive dataset that collects the research output of business economists employed by Austrian, German and Swiss universities. We compute research rankings of departments and identify the leading departments in selected subdisciplines. Moreover, we investigate how institutional design and individual characteristics affect research productivity and draw some conclusions for the training of junior scientists.     

The output efficiency of minority-owned banks in the United States

This study extends prior research on minority-owned banks by examining their output performance. Using a deterministic output distance function, both technical and allocative efficiency are measured. The findings indicate that, with a given set of inputs, minority-owned banks produce less outputs than a comparable group of nonminority-owned banks. Also, both minority-owned banks and nonminority-owned banks fail to allocate outputs in revenue-maximing proportions.     

Technical and scale efficiency of Japanese commerical banks: a non-parametric approach

Not only are the nature and extent and scale efficiency of Japanese commerical banks studied but a relationship between both organizational status and size efficiency is also announced. The efficiency measures are computed from a 1990 sample of cross-sectional data. For the estimation, we employ the non-parametric approach which has recently been gaining popularity for the studies of banking efficiency outside Japan.