2019—2021年张家口市VOCs污染特征及来源分析

本文利用2019—2021年张家口市手工监测的挥发性有机物(VOCs)数据，对VOCs污染特征及其来源进行分析。结果表明，2019—2021年张家口市VOCs的平均体积分数分别为16.01×10^-9、17.55×10^-9和16.01×10^-9，烷烃占比为72%～74%，烯烃占比为8%～11%，炔烃占比为4.8%～6.9%，芳香烃占比为9.7%～12.4%。C₂～C₅烷烃、C₂～C₃烯烃、乙炔、苯和甲苯是张家口市VOCs关键物种。2019—2021年臭氧生成潜势(OFP)分别为97.59μg/m³、103.79μg/m³和88.07μg/m³,2021年OFP较2019年下降约10%。OFP贡献占比最高的为芳香烃，占比为40.0%，其次为烯烃，OFP贡献占比为32.2%。甲苯和苯浓度可能主要受燃烧源和机动车尾气的共同影响。机动车尾气是张家口市大气VOCs的最重要来源，其贡...     

污水处理厂提标扩建工艺研究

德清县某污水处理厂提标扩建工程设计规模为4万m³/d,出水水质执行《城镇污水处理厂主要水污染物排放标准》(DB 33/2169—2018)。该工程新增预处理设施(处理能力4万m³/d)、UBF水解酸化池、A²O/AO生化池(处理能力2万m³/d)、芬顿反应塔、纤维转盘滤池,出水采用次氯酸钠消毒,总投资约为23 441.73万元。     

海口市大气中210Po比活度及其公众内照射剂量研究

²¹⁰Po在自然界中分布十分广泛,可通过气溶胶的形式进入人体,其主要分布于人体软组织,不易排出体外,是对人体剂量贡献较高的天然放射性核素之一。研究海口市大气中²¹⁰Po放射性水平和所致公众内照射剂量,对保护公众健康来说尤为重要。监测结果显示,²¹⁰Po比活度变化范围是0.04～0.32 mBq/m³,平均值为0.13 mBq/m³;²¹⁰Po所致公众内照射的待积有效剂量范围为1.1～8.9 μSv/a,平均值为3.6 μSv/a。     

人造石制造业VOCs污染特征及臭氧生成潜势分析

为了研究人造石制造业挥发性有机物(VOCs)污染特征、臭氧生成潜在影响以及治理水平,课题组选取广东省16家典型人造石制造企业,在关键VOCs产生工序和治理设施设置监测点。结果表明,人造石制造业产生的VOCs以芳香烃(79.0%)、含氧挥发性有机物(13.3%)、卤代烃(5.4%)、烷烃(1.5%)和烯烃(0.7%)为主,VOCs总浓度为(20.63±33.20)mg/m³。苯乙烯是人造石制造业的特征污染物。其间采用最大增量反应活性法(MIR)估算了VOCs的臭氧生成潜势(OFP),均值为46.85 mg/m³,表明人造石制造企业对臭氧生成存在明显潜在影响。目前,人造石制造企业VOCs处理效果较差,典型企业治理效率介于-22.7%～35.7%。     

典型生活污水深度处理及回用工程设计

随着水资源的持续短缺,有必要对污水进行资源化利用。对污水进行深度处理,使其达到市政杂用水质要求,不仅可以减少污染物排放量,减轻环境污染,还可以提高水资源利用率。本文以规模3 000 m³/d的生活污水处理厂为例,分析典型生活污水深度处理及回用工程设计。实践表明,“预处理+膜生物反应器(MBR)+臭氧催化氧化”深度处理工艺运行稳定可靠,处理后污水可用作市政杂用水和景观用水,单位制水成本与经营成本分别为5.10元/m³、3.60元/m³。     

2020年徐州市区PM2.5和PM10污染特征分析

环境空气自动监测站能够连续自动在线监测SO₂、NO₂、O₃、CO、细颗粒物(PM_2.5)和可吸入颗粒物(PM₁₀)等参数。基于2020年1月1日至12月31日国控站点的六参数连续监测数据,本文研究了徐州市区PM_2.5和PM₁₀浓度的季节和月份变化特征。结果表明,徐州市区空气质量全年以优良为主,优良率为71.9%,但颗粒物污染仍较重,PM_2.5、PM₁₀超标率分别为15.2%、9.4%。2020年,徐州市区PM_2.5和PM₁₀浓度分别为50 μg/m³、86 μg/m³,是国家二级标准限值的1.43倍、1.23倍;PM_2.5和PM₁₀污染呈现出季节性变化和月度变化规律,冬季污染最重,夏季相反;PM_2.5和PM₁₀浓度月变...     

酸预处理腐朽木脱氮性能研究

本文采用H₂SO₄预处理法改良腐朽木,通过腐朽木的纤维素成分含量测定试验和生物滤池反硝化动态试验,探究了酸预处理法腐朽木应用于污水脱氮的可能性。测定结果表明,H₂SO₄(浓度1.5%)处理后的腐朽木纤维素含量增至68.91%,半纤维素含量有所减少,木质素含量由17.68%减至13.28%。动态试验结果显示,反应器的总氮(TN)去除率在水力停留时间(HRT)为8 h时达到最高值(66.9%),HRT为2 h时,平均反硝化速率为21.86 g NO₃^--N/(m³·d)。TN主要在高度0～30 cm的填料层被脱除,NO₂^--N在高度10～30 cm的填料层表现出累积特征。     

苏玛罐-冷阱富集-GC-MS/FID同时测定环境空气中121种挥发性有机物

本文采用一种手工监测方法监测环境空气中的121种挥发性有机物(VOCs)。该方法比现有监测方法更全面、更准确、更简便,为环境空气中VOCs的监测提供更好的方法。该方法曲线线性良好,相关系数保持在0.995 9～1.000 0,检出限为0.2～2.0 μg/m³,相对标准偏差不大于12.3%。研究表明,该方法适用于环境空气中VOCs的监测。     

催化芬顿氧化技术在化工园区污水处理厂提标改造中的应用

苏州市某大型综合化工园区污水处理厂承担着区域内印染废水、其他工业废水以及生活污水的处理任务，工业废水和生活污水的比例约为6∶4。出水执行《太湖地区城镇污水处理厂及重点工业行业主要水污染物排放限值》(DB 32/1072—2018)，出水排入吴淞江。现状二级处理生化段的厌氧-缺氧-好氧(A²O)工艺不能满足排放要求，因此分析污水处理厂进出水水质，通过小试与中试，在现有工艺段后增加催化芬顿氧化提标改造工艺，处理后，出水指标符合排放限值要求。提标改造新建设施占地0.65 hm²，全部利用厂内空地。提标改造吨水投资为1 063元/m³，新增运行费用为0.53～0.77元/m³。该污水处理厂的成功运行为难生物降解印染废水的达标排放提供了切实可行的案例和技术参考。     

地板辐射协同地道风供冷系统冷水梯级利用试验研究

地板辐射供冷系统具有房间温度均匀性好、噪声小、运行费用低、舒适度高等优点,但从现有研究来看,地板辐射供冷系统的供冷量与结露之间的矛盾极大地影响了系统推广应用。通过搭建基于虚拟自然冷源的地板辐射协同地道风供冷试验台,从冷水梯级利用的角度,探索冷水串联与混水两种模式下的地板辐射协同地道风系统结露特性、供冷特性与能耗特性,分析冷水梯级利用的节能原理。研究结果表明,冷水梯级利用模式由于供水温度在12℃以上并且结合地道风不会发生结露现象,以不结露、供冷量大、能耗低为目标,用多目标优化方法分析可得串联供水0.5 m³/h、送风量45 m³/h为最优工况,供冷量为474.3 W,系统能耗为238 W。     

Penetration and Post-infection Development of Meloidogyne Incognita on Tobacco as Treated by Rhizobacteria Pseudomonas Fluorescens Strain P-72-10

The bio-control potential of rhizospere bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens against plant-parasite nematode had been demonstrated. P. fluorescens had shown the effect to enhance tobacco resistance to root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Inoculation with P. fluoreseens in tobacco could lead to significant reductions in the number of juveniles that penetrated tobacco root and further life stage development of the juveniles. The number of juveniles penetrated into tobac- co root in treatment with P. fluorescens is significantly different from CK at 2DAI, 6DAI, 8DAI and 10DAI. Significant reduction and delayed development of juveniles that penetrated into tobacco root and treated were observed in treatment at 14DAI, 21DAI, 28DAI and 35DAI. In addition, P. fluoreseens treatment leads to a significant reduction in the number of eggs per egg-mass at 35 DAI. The results show P. fluorescens induced a continuously suppression on root-knot nema- tode M. incognita throughout their entire early infection phase of root penetration, subsequent life stage development and reproduction.     

For Better or for Worse? Local Impacts of the Decentralization of Indonesia’s Forest Sector

This paper quantifies the local impacts of mechanized logging on forest-dependent communities in Indonesia, before and after decentralization. A conceptual framework incorporates financial, social, enforcement, rent-seeking, and environmental impacts. Using data from 60 communities in East Kalimantan, the empirical results suggest that significantly more households received financial and in-kind benefits after decentralization compared to before. Many communities engaged in self-enforcement activities against firms both before and after decentralization. Post-decentralization, a significantly higher proportion of households perceived community forest ownership. There were few significant differences in perceived environmental impacts. Little evidence exists of a post-decentralization trade-off between environmental and financial contractual provisions.     

以资本管理为核心的银行治理综合评价指标研究

商业银行的特殊性体现在风险性、外部性和多重治理目标上,尤其集中体现在风险管理的本质上。风险管理日益成为现代商业银行的主体活动和核心职能,资本管理成为现代商业银行风险管理的核心。在整合EVA和RAROC指标的基础上。文章构建了以资本管理为核心的银行治理的综合评价指标,以求真实反映银行经营的成果,有效衡量风险收益和风险成本的对比关系,从而反映以资本管理为核心的银行风险管理的过程、能力和效率。     

Markteintrittstiming von Telekommunikationsdiensteanbietern

Zusammenfassung Die vorliegende Studie analysiert für 87 Neuprodukteinführungen (NPE) und Auslandsmarkteintritte (AME) von Telekommunikations(TK)-Diensteanbietern in Deutschland, zu denen 42 Schlüsselinformanten in einer schriftlichen Befragung Auskunft gaben, (1) inwieweit deren zeitliche Eintrittspositionierung durch Marktcharakteristika und Unternehmensressourcen erkl?rbar ist sowie (2) inwieweit und gegebenenfalls unter welchen unternehmensexternen und -internen Situationsbedingungen deren Markteintrittstiming mit dem wahrgenommenen Eintrittserfolg assoziiert ist. Ein früher Markteintritt wurde dann realisiert, wenn die Wettbewerbsintensit?t im adressierten Gesch?ft niedrig und das Budget für den Expansionsschritt überdurchschnittlich ausfielen. Zwischen dem Markteintrittstiming und der Beurteilung des Eintrittserfolgs bestand ein nicht monotoner, umgekehrt U-f?rmiger Zusammenhang: Frühe Folger wiesen signifikant bessere Erfolgswerte auf als Pioniere und sp?te Folger, deren Erfolgsniveaus nicht signifikant divergierten. In einer Industrie, die durch starke externe Netzeffekte gepr?gt ist, fallen offenbar die Nachteile eines Markteintritts als Pionier oder sp?ter Folger st?rker ins Gewicht als die Vorteile dieser beiden zeitlichen Eintrittspositionierungen. Unabh?ngig vom Markteintrittstiming wurden NPE/AME von TK-Unternehmen als erfolgreicher eingestuft, wenn sie sich in einen Markt mit stark wachsender Nachfrage und aufeinander abgestimmt (re)agierenden Wettbewerbern mit qualitativ überdurchschnittlichen, abw?rtskompatiblen, erprobbaren und wenig erkl?rungsbedürftigen TK-Diensten engagierten.      

利用膜技术回收利用碱性废水研究进展

回顾了利用膜分离技术处理碱性废水的工艺与综合利用技术所取得的丰硕成果，总结了各种治理方法的特点、适用性及发展方向。     

Taxing Times in Indonesia: The Challenge of Restoring Competitiveness and the Search for Fiscal Space

Indonesia’s economic growth picked up slightly in mid-2016 but remains below the level demanded by government and popular aspirations. Despite a plethora of reforms intended to increase efficiency and productivity, some policies are perverse and longstanding problems of implementation remain. The share of manufacturing has declined, the real exchange rate has appreciated, exports have dwindled, and growth has been trending downwards. The banking sector is stable but inefficient, with wide net interest margins and numerous barriers to competition. Trade protection, particularly in basic food commodities, has created high costs that weigh particularly heavily on the poor. Declining government revenues have placed increasing pressure on the public budget, even as the current administration aims to increase spending on infrastructure and welfare and to enhance productivity. In an effort to increase revenues, the government has announced a tax amnesty program and other measures. In addition, Sri Mulyani Indrawati, the new finance minister, has taken steps to cut non-essential expenditure in order to secure high spending on infrastructure and at the same time keep within the 3% budget deficit limit stipulated by law. Although the overall debt situation is not yet alarming, declining revenues and budget cuts that do not fully reflect this decline are putting pressure on increasing debt levels. The government’s high-profile tax amnesty program was the major policy initiative implemented in the second half of 2016 that aimed to relieve this pressure. Despite widespread criticism of, and scepticism about, the tax amnesty (both within and outside Indonesia), its first phase had a much higher participation rate than most independent accounts expected. Revenues raised so far through the amnesty are less than 60% of the official target, but this is actually a strong result for the short term. The bigger question, however, is whether the amnesty is a key element of a more encompassing strategy to overhaul the system of taxation and tax administration.     

The causes of Japan's ‘lost decade’: The role of household consumption

In this paper, I analyze the causes of the prolonged slowdown of the Japanese economy in the 1990s and find that the stagnation of investment, especially private fixed investment, was the primary culprit. I then investigate the causes of the stagnation of household consumption during the 1990s and find that the stagnation of household disposable income, the decline in household wealth, and increased uncertainty about the future are among the contributing factors. Finally, I consider whether demand side factors or supply side factors were more important as causes of the prolonged slowdown of the Japanese economy in the 1990s and conclude that the former (especially misguided government policies) were probably more important.