中国独立董事制度:现状、问题与对策

中国引入独立董事制度的时间虽然不长 ,但从近年运行的实际情况来看 ,中国的独立董事制度在制度安排、实际操作和内外条件方面 ,都暴露出许多问题和缺陷。要使独立董事制度在中国有效发挥作用 ,就必须在上述三个方面采取相应的对策措施。     

对独立董事制度的冷思考

作为泊来品，独立董事制度在我国闹得沸沸扬扬，褒贬不一，本文在对独立董事制度的产生、作用及其种种缺陷进行深入分析后认为，独立董事制度并不适合中国。要规范上市公司的治理结构，必须从股权改革、法制建设等方面入手。     

独立董事制度在中国的发展环境分析

独立董事原是英美法系国家为了完善上市公司监督体系所作的制度安排,1997年在中国正式实施。但目前的实践证明,独立董事制度在中国并没有发挥应有的作用。原因是:在社会人文方面,中国目前还没有大规模实施独立董事制度的条件;从经济因素方面分析,中国暂时也没有独立董事存在的基础;就中国目前上市公司内部机构事实上的设置来看,独立董事制度更没有多大的作用空间。     

独立董事制度本土化的思考

独立董事制度源于英美国家，我国引入独立董事制度并写进新《公司法》，独立董事制度在我国的实践表明，“一股独大”的特殊国情限制了独立董事制度作用的发挥。本文基于这种认识，分析了如何实现独立董事制度在中国的本土化。     

我国企业建立独立董事制度的国际借鉴

本对独立董事制度的产生做了介绍，分析独立董事制度在公司治理结构中的重要作用，剖析了中国目前独立董事制度的现状和存在的问题，通过分析国外确保董事制度有效运行的具体措施，希望对我国独立董事制度的建立和完善起一定的借鉴作用。     

论我国上市公司实行独立董事制度的意义，障碍及对策

独立董事制度是西方企业广泛采用的基本治理措施之一，目前我进独立董事的上市公司呈逐年上升之势。本在分析实行独立董事制度意义的基础上，进一步考察了我国上市公司在实行独立董事制度过程中面临的包括制度、化、人力资源等方面的障碍，最后提出了建立和完善我国上市公司独立董事制度的对策建议。     

美国独立董事制度对中国的启示

文章从探讨公司治理与独立董事制度的内涵及特征入手，分析了美国独立董事制度的成功经验．进而论述了中国独立董事的现状，在此基础上对构建中国独立董事市场的有关问题提出了相应的对策。     

金融市场中独立董事制度的有效运作及其宏观价值分析

独立董事制度移植中国以来,其能否在中国金融市场有效运作,需要持续关注。海外独立董事制度有效运作的关键点是独立董事在董事会中的比例、有效的组织机制和独立董事的资格条件与约束机制。独立董事发挥效用的障碍主要是信息问题和时间问题。因此,应充分借鉴海外独立董事制度的经验,克服制约独立董事发挥作用的主要障碍,促进独立董事制度在我国的有效运作。     

从独立董事制谈我国公司内部监督机制的完善

独立董事制度为英美国家公司的内部监督机制。中国证监会于2001年1月19日发出在上市公司中实行独立董事制度的通知后，使独立董事制度成为各方面关注的焦点.本文分析了独立董事制度实行的背景及我国公司法现有监事会制度的缺陷，以期在我国公司法修订之际，建立起独立董事与监事会相互协调的完善的公司内部监督机制。     

完善我国独立董事制度的对策建议

独立董事制度作为一种制衡机制被引入我国．在实施的过程中并没有真正有效发挥其监督和制衡作用。完善我国独立董事制度应从以下几方面入手：独立董事的选聘应该制度化、程序化；重新确定独立董事的任职资格；建立独立董事公示制度和独立董事的激励机制；正确处理监事会和独立董事的关系，等等。     

仁义礼智信忠孝新论

仁、义、礼、智、信、忠、孝是儒家伦理学中的基本概念，也是中国古代化中的基本概念．本立足于这些概念的字学基础，通过逻辑思辩的方法，试图给它们以新的阐释。     

第一是位置，第二是位置，第三还是位置

工业园区、经济特区在一个国家经济稳步快速发展中发挥着不可忽视的作用，这样的例子比比皆是，越南也不例外。到目前为止，越南国内已经建有154家注册在案的工业园区，多集中在北、中、南重要经济区域内。虽然这些工业园区对越南经济发展贡献巨大，但是，其中许多家正式投入运营多年，园内仍空空如也，只有少数工业园区的使用面积比率和发展速度达到开发商预计的目标。     

跨国农业垄断公司对中国农业产业链的多维渗透及破解思路

近年来,以ABCD四大粮商和孟山都等为主要代表的跨国农业垄断公司加速从资本、技术和服务领域对中国农业产业链进行渗透。在资本方面,跨国农业垄断公司已在中国进行深耕,并开始进入更多细分市场;在技术方面,对核心技术的高效转化和集中掌握使其占据了农业产业链的制高点;在服务方面,对贸易、加工、仓储等服务环节的渗透使其获得了高额利润。中国农业企业是抵御跨国农业垄断公司渗透的根本,但目前中国农业企业的竞争力整体上低于跨国农业垄断公司,未能掌握核心技术、因投资回报率低而不愿深耕农业以及市场机制被扭曲是中国农业企业竞争力不足的主要原因。面对跨国农业垄断公司的多维渗透,中国应加强“监督审查”以构筑农业产业发展安全网,强化“创新引领”以打造农业企业核心竞争力,主动“扎根县域”以厚植农业企业的国内发展根基,积极“乘船出海”以拓展农业企业的全球发展空间,坚持“市场主导”以优化农业企业运营市场环境,进而谋求中国农业企业与跨国农业垄断公司的竞争均势。     

Alliance competence, resources, and alliance success: Conceptualization, measurement, and initial test

This research examines the effect of an alliance competence on resource-based alliance success. The fundamental thesis guiding this research is that an alliance competence contributes to alliance success, both directly and through the acquisition and creation of resources. Using survey data gathered from 145 alliances, empirical tests of the hypotheses provide support for the posited explanation of alliance success. The findings indicate that an alliance competence is not only antecedent to the resources that are necessary for alliance success but also to alliance success itself. C. Jay Lambe (Ph.D., The Darden School at University of Virginia) is an assistant professor of marketing in the Pamplin College of Business at Virginia Tech. For 10 years prior to entering academe, he was engaged in business-to-business marketing for both Xerox and AT&T. His research interests include business-to-business marketing, relationship marketing, marketing strategy, and sales management. He has publications in theJournal of the Academy of Marketing Science, theJournal of Product Innovation Management, theEuropean Journal of Marketing, theJournal of Personal Selling and Sales Management, theInternational Journal of Management Reviews, theJournal of Business-to-Business Marketing, and theJournal of Relationship Marketing. He also serves as a reviewer for theJournal of Business-to-Business Marketing. Prior to joining the faculty at Virginia Tech, he was one of five Texas Tech University faculty members chosen in 1999 from the entire university for the annual Outstanding Faculty Member Award by the Mortar Board and Omicron Delta Kappa (Texas Tech University student organizations that recognize excellence in teaching). Robert E. Spekman is the Tayloe Murphy Professor of Business Administration at the Darden School at the University of Virginia. He was formerly a professor of marketing and associate director of the Center for Telecommunications at the University of Southern California. He is an internationally recognized authority on business-to-business marketing and strategic alliances. His consulting experiences range from marketing research and competitive analysis, to strategic market planning, supply chain management, channels of distribution design and implementation, and strategic partnering. He has taught in a number of executive programs in the United States, Canada, Latin America, Asia, and Europe. His executive program experience ranges from general marketing strategy, to sales force management, to channels strategy, to creating strategic alliances, to business-to-business marketing strategy, to a number of single-company and senior executive management programs. He has edited and/or written seven books and has authored (coauthored) more than 80 articles and papers. He also serves as a reviewer for a number of marketing and management journals, as well as for the National Science Foundation. Prior to joining the faculty at the University of Southern California, he taught in the College of Business at the University of Maryland, College Park. During his tenure at Maryland, he was granted the Most Distinguished Faculty Award by the MBA students on three separate occasions. Shelby D. Hunt is the J. B. Hoskins and P. W. Horn Professor of Marketing at Texas Tech University, Lubbock. A past editor of theJournal of Marketing (1985–87), he is the author ofModern Marketing Theory: Critical Issues in the Philosophy of Marketing Science (South-Western, 1991) andA General Theory of Competition: Resources, Competences, Productivity, Economic Growth (Sage, 2000). He has written numerous articles on competitive theory, macromarketing, ethics, channels of distribution, philosophy of science, and marketing theory. Three of hisJournal of Marketing articles—“The Nature and Scope of Marketing” (1976), “General Theories and Fundamental Explananda of Marketing” (1983), and “The Comparative Advantage Theory of Competition” (1995) (with Robert M. Morgan)—won the Harold H. Maynard Award for the best article on marketing theory. His 1985Journal of Business Research article with Lawrence B. Chonko, “Ethics and Marketing Management,” received the 2000 Elsevier Science Exceptional Quality and High Scholarly Impact award. His 1989 article, ”Reification and Realism in Marketing: in Defense of Reason,” won theJournal of Macromarketing Charles C. Slater Award. For his contributions to theory and science in marketing, he received the 1986 Paul D. Converse Award from the American Marketing Association, the 1987 Outstanding Marketing Educator Award from the Academy of Marketing Science, and the 1992 American Marketing Association/Richard D. Irwin Distinguished Marketing Educator Award.     

我国服务贸易发展中的问题、成因和对策研究

改革开放以来,我国对外服务贸易取得了快速增长。但由于服务贸易发展的基础不牢、服务产业结构不合理等原因,致使我国的服务贸易发展存在总体发展规模相对滞后、贸易商品集中于传统领域等问题。促进我国服务贸易又好又快发展,需要社会各界,特别是有关政府部门、相关企业及行业协会等各类主体相互配合、共同努力。     

Child labor legislation: effective, benign, both, or neither?

This paper explores the relationship between the state-specific child labor legislation and the decline in child labor that occurred in the US between 1880 and 1900. The existing literature that addresses this question uses a difference-in-difference estimation technique. We contribute to this literature in two ways. First, we argue that this estimation technique can produce misleading results due to (a) the possibility of multiplicity of equilibria and (b) the non-linearity of the underlying econometric model. Second, we develop an empirical strategy to identify the mechanism by which the legislation affected child labor decisions. In particular, besides establishing whether the legislation was effective or not, our analysis may determine whether the legislation constituted a benign policy or not, i.e., whether the legislation constrained the behavior of families (not benign) or whether it changed the labor market to a new equilibrium in which families voluntarily respected the law (benign).     

理解凭单制:渊源、机制、模式及运用

凭单制作为政府改革工具,实质是在公共服务中引入市场机制的一种制度安排。它渊源于新自由主义经济学,从消费者角度通过强化其选择权而巧妙植入市场竞争机制。凭单制存在公平导向、效率导向及公平与效率兼顾等不同政策取向及模式。尽管它在公共部门需要一定的运作条件,但能广泛运用于包括食品、住房、医疗、教育、幼儿保健等具有融合特征的"福利物品"提供领域。     

Materialism, status signaling, and product satisfaction

The consumer satisfaction literature has not, for the mos part, integrated individual values into the product evaluation process. Yet a comprehensive understanding of consumer satisfaction can best be attained by including both consumer and product factors. To demonstrate the usefulness of including individual values, this research focuses on one consumer value, namely, materialism. The authors empirically explore how this individual value is linked to consumers’ evaluations of products they have purchased. Using surveys, the authors collected data from a sample of college students (n=211) and a sample of adults (n=270). Across these two studies, using divergent samples and products, they find consistent evidence that materialism is negatively related to product satisfaction in product categories with high potential for status signaling, but unrelated to product satisfaction in product categories with lower potential for status signaling. The consumption goals that produce these product evaluations are empirically addressed Jeff Wang (jianfeng76@yahoo.com; PhD, City University of Hong Kong) is an assistant professor of marketing in the Faculty of Business at the City University of Hong Kong. This work was conducted when he was a doctoral student of marketing in the Eller College of Management at the University of Arizona. His research interests include social networks and consumer behavior, consumer satisfaction and well-being, materialism and consumption meanings, and consumer interests and public policy issues. His dissertation studies credit card debt as a socially embedded phenomenon and investigates how consumers leverage their interpersonal ties as they accumulate and repay their debt. Melanie Wallendorf (mwallendorf@eller.arizona.edu) is Soldwedel Professor of Marketing in the Eller College of Management at the University of Arizona. She holds an MS in sociology and a PhD in marketing from the University of Pittsburgh. Her articles on the sociocultural aspects of consumption have been published in theJournal of Consumer Research, Journal of Marketing Research, Advertising and Society Review, Addiction, Journal of Macromarketing, andAmerican Behavioral Scientist, among others. Her coauthored article on “The Sacred and Profane in Consumer Behavior” won theJournal of Consumer Research Best Article Award in 1992. Her research has been featured in theWall Street Journal, The Washington Post, The New York Times, American Demographics, andFortune, and has been funded by the Marketing Science Institute, the Arizona Disease Control Research Commission, and the Office of Earth Science at NASA.