财政竞争对地方公共支出结构的影响——以中国的招商引资竞争为例

本文旨在检验在目前以GDP为核心的政绩考核体系下,地方政府间财政竞争对公共支出结构的影响。文章首先给出各省份的公共产品—税收负担组合,以及外商直接投资份额,指出当前的财政竞争已转变为税收优惠基础上的改善公共支出的竞争。接着通过建立各省份吸引的外商直接投资份额与各项公共支出关系的计量模型,检验实行分税制以来,招商引资竞争是否导致地方公共支出结构扭曲,分权化改革导致的财政竞争是否有助于改善居民福利等问题。     

财政分权、政府竞争与公共支出结构——政府教育支出比重的影响因素分析

本文基于中国省际面板数据,验证了财政分权、政府竞争对中国省级政府教育支出比重的影响。研究发现,以经济绩效为考核标准的官员晋升机制导致地方政府之间展开标尺竞争,这种竞争和财政分权制度结合在一起,共同对地方政府的教育支出比重产生显著的负影响。而地方政府的财政自给度对教育支出比重具有正效应,经济发展水平、政府规模等则具有负效应。研究还发现,转移支付比重过高会扭曲地方政府的支出效率,形成预算软约束,从而对教育支出比重具有显著的负影响。     

中国式财政分权、公共支出结构与收入分配

财政分权是否有利于改善收入分配一直以来是国内外公共经济学文献关注的焦点。本文从理论上厘清财政分权对收入分配的影响机制,从而真正理解中国地方政府再分配政策失灵的根源,以公共支出结构作为门槛变量,通过建立面板门槛模型实证考察了1995—2012年中国式财政分权对收入差距的影响效应。研究结果发现：第一,从总体上,中国式财政分权与基尼系数呈正相关,即分权程度每增加1个单位会导致基尼系数增加1.24个百分点。第二,财政分权对收入差距存在显著的非线性作用,即存在门槛效应,在不同的公共支出结构下影响效应明显不同。第三,公共支出结构的门槛效应并没有保持连续一致的积极影响,而是不稳定地分布在不同地区,并由西部地区逐渐向东部地区转移。     

财政分权对地方公共支出结构的影响及对策研究

中国财政分权的实施为我国的现代化建设做出了巨大贡献,但同时许多问题也渐渐暴露。本文着眼于现阶段地方公共支出中所存在的问题和弊端,分析财政分权对其影响过程中的突出问题,提出重视民生建设合理的调整财政支出比例、全面的官员考核制度、中央与地方政府间的合理分权等相应对策,以使地方公共支出结构更为合理、有效。     

财政透明、公共支出结构与区域创新水平

财政透明是国家良治和善治的核心要素,既是建立现代财政体制的内在诉求,也是区域创新宏观环境的重要支撑。立足于财政透明和区域创新发展的典型事实,将财政透明、公共支出结构与区域创新水平纳入同一理论框架,并采用面板联立方程和三阶段最小二乘估计实证检验财政透明对区域创新的多重作用机制和影响效应。研究发现,财政模糊透明对区域创新产生直接负向抑制效应,通过优化公共支出结构对区域创新产生间接提升效应。进一步研究发现,财政的模糊透明、地方政府财政行为不规范对区域创新存在负向循环机制,提升财政透明清晰度、规范地方政府行为、优化公共支出结构是提高区域创新水平的关键所在。研究结论为深化财税体制改革进而释放制度红利、形成具有全球竞争力的区域创新形态,提升区域创新体系整体效能提供新的研究视角和经验证据。     

财政分权与地方财政农业支出的动态效应分析

笔者基于我国省际动态面板数据模型,从总量和结构两方面考察了财政分权对地方财政农业支出的影响.研究表明,财政分权并未有效促进我国地方政府预算内财政农业支出的增长.在以经济增长为核心的地方政府官员政绩考核体系中,财政分权对经济性支出的正向影响最为显著,对社会性支出也有正向影响,但对转移性支出影响不明显.     

公共支出结构与环境质量:中国的经验分析

本文构建了一个理论分析框架,将公共支出结构对环境质量的综合效应分解为六个部分:技术效应、消费者偏好效应、经济规模效应、要素替代效应、预算效应和收入管制效应。理论分析发现,如果技术效应、消费者偏好效应收入和管制效应占主导地位,提高非经济性公共支出将改善地区环境质量。进一步基于地市一级的经验数据,文章检验了非经济性公共支出对环境质量的影响效应;实证结果表明,提高非经济性公共支出显著减少了污染排放、改善了环境质量,并且该影响效应具有持续性。一个具体传导机制是:在技术、消费偏好和收入管制效应压力下,企业、政府和社会增加污染治理资金投入,污染治理力度的增强提高了环境质量。为了实现经济与环境的协调发展,政府的支出重点应该转向教育、科技等社会性服务领域,实现降低能源消耗和污染排放的目标。     

财政纵向失衡、公共支出结构与经济增长*

全面深化财税体制改革释放体制红利是助推地方经济增长与民生福祉增进的关键所在。为此,本文首先从理论层面系统诠释财政纵向失衡对经济增长的作用机制,继而通过构建动态面板联立方程模型将财政纵向失衡、公共支出结构与经济增长同时纳入分析框架,实证探究财政纵向失衡对地方经济增长的影响效应,而后通过进一步标准化回归估计考察财政纵向失衡对经济增长的作用渠道与传导效应。研究发现财政纵向失衡不仅通过直接作用渠道显著降低经济增长,还通过作用于地方政府公共支出结构间接对经济增长产生负向抑制效应。     

我国财政科技支出结构分析

一、科技支出按执行部门结构分析。我国政府R&D支出主要投向于研究机构和高校,2007年,我国政府R&D资金共913.5亿元,研究机构支出592.9亿元,占64.91%,投向高校177.7亿元,占19.45%。这与其他发达国家政府研发投入的重点是相同的,主要投向都是政府研究机构和大学。2008年美国联邦政府R&D支出主要投向政府研究机构,占40.25%,其次是大学和产业界,最后是非营利机构。而且,从发达国家的情况看,投向产业界的资金呈下降趋势,而投向大学的资金增速最快,这与政府投入向基础研究倾斜,而大学是基础研究的主要执行者有关。     

我国财政支出规模变化的分析及其合理控制

文章对我国改革开放以来财政支出规模的变化趋势进行了实证分析,揭示了我国财政支出规模下降的背后仍然是政府实际支配资源规模的扩大,对这种变化趋势的合理性进行了分析判断,剖析了我国“财政之谜”(财政支出规模下降而企业负担重)的实质,给出了我国适度财政支出规模的基本要求及界定标准,提出合理控制我国财政支出规模的基本思路就是根据公共财政的内在要求,系统改造现行财政支出制度安排,构建符合公共财政要求的公共财政支出制度框架。     

基于公共财政构架下财政支出结构的优化

现阶段我国要建立与市场机制相适应的公共财政，就必须科学界定公共财政支出范围，优化财政支出结构，这样才能提高财政支出效率，降低政府运作成本，减少对竞争性领域的财政投资，强化公益性事业支出，最终实现支出结构的优化调整.     

Fiscal decentralisation,local institutions and public good provision: evidence from Indonesia

Using data from the Indonesian Family Life Surveys, we study the impact of fiscal decentralisation in Indonesia on local public spending across communities characterised by different types of informal and formal institutions. Our results provide new evidence that fiscal decentralisation led to a significant increase in community spending on social infrastructure (health and education) in communities which observed strict adherence to customary laws and had a tradition of local democracy. We argue that investment in transport and communication facilitates exchange with outsiders and improves the outside options of community members, thus making it more difficult to sustain intra-community cooperation. Consequently, communities which enjoy a high level of cooperation in collective activities benefit less from investing in transport and communication and are more inclined to invest in social infrastructure.     

The influence analysis on public expenditure to the technique efficiency of China

In this paper, we use SFA to estimate the time-variant stochastic frontier model of 31 cities in China. The results tell us that raising the proportion of public expenditure in GDP can lower the technological efficiency, but raising some parts of public expenditure in GDP can promote the technological efficiency. Its realistic meaning is that it is excellent to turn the public expenditure structure to promote the technological efficiency. We computed the technological efficiency of 31 provinces/cities and the results show that the gap between the eastern region and western region is growing much. Finally, we decompose total factor productivity (TFP) and get the following result: from three regions, the biggest influence factor on technological efficiency is the scales economy. Technological progress and allocation efficiency have a smaller influence. From our results, we suggest that technological progress and allocation efficiency from public expenditure and income be raised to influence the TFP rate of change, and have a more efficient public expenditure. __________ Translated from Journal of Finance and Economics (财经研究), 2005, (12) (in Chinese)     

An incremental budgeting model of local public expenditure setting in the presence of piecewise linear budget constraints

This Paper develops and tests an incremental budgeting model of local government expenditure decisions using data on British local government. The model introduces two distinctive feautures into the incremental budegeting literature. Firstly, it takes explicit account of the availability of an independent source of revenue for jurisdictions (in this example, a local property tax). And secondly it shows how it is possible to develop satisfactory emperical models when budget constraints are only piecewise linear. The model is shown to perform well, both in explaining within-year variability in budgeting decisions, and in predicting subsequent budgets under revised budget constraints.     

Fiscal federalism and the composition of public investment in Europe

We analyse the determinants of the composition of public investment in Europe, with a special focus on the role of fiscal decentralisation. The results suggest that fiscal decentralisation boosts economically productive public investment, notably infrastructure, and curbs the relative share of economically less productive investment, such as recreational facilities. While not readily reconcilable with the traditional theory of fiscal federalism, these findings can be interpreted in terms of the literature on fiscal competition, with not only tax rates but also the quality of public expenditure weighing in firms' location decisions.     

中国财政支出结构与经济增长的Granger因果关系分析

财政支出与经济增长之间有联系,那么,财政支出结构的变化是否会对经济增长起到显著的作用,它们之间的关系如何,就值得研究。可运用单位根、协整及Granger因果关系检验等计量方法,分析中国财政支出结构与经济增长的关系。     

Fiscal institutions and public spending volatility in Europe

This work provides empirical evidence for a sizeable, statistically significant negative impact of the quality of fiscal institutions on public spending volatility for a panel of 23 EU countries over the 1980–2007 period. The dependent variable is the volatility of discretionary fiscal policy, which does not represent reactions to changes in economic conditions. Our baseline results thus give support to the strengthening of institutions to deal with excessive levels of discretion volatility, as more checks and balances make it harder for governments to change fiscal policy for reasons unrelated to the current state of the economy. Our results also show that bigger countries and bigger governments have less public spending volatility. In contrast to previous studies, the political factors do not seem to play a role, with the exception of the Herfindahl index, which suggests that a high concentration of parliamentary seats in a few parties would increase public spending volatility.