货币升值对经济增长影响的国际比较及启示

首先对日本、德国、美国和东亚国家货币升值对各自国家经济增长的影响进行国际比较,然后对1990年后日本经济增长率大幅下降的原因进行分析,指出目前中国的经济与1990年代的日本经济存在巨大的差异,人民币适度升值不会引起中国经济增长率的大幅下降,人民币升值应遵循主动性和渐进式原则.     

汇率变动、对外贸易与经济增长——以湖南省为例

选取了2005年7月汇改以来至2013年12月的季度数据,通过建立联立方程模型,利用3SLS(三阶段最小二剩法)计量方法就人民币汇率的变动对湖南省对外贸易、经济增长的影响进行实证研究。实证结果表明:人民币实际有效汇率升值1%,经济增长速度降低0.612%;湖南省进出口额的增长速度降低2.79%,人民币实际有效汇率升值对湖南省经济总量的增长有紧缩效应。     

“中国制造”路在何方:兼论滞涨威胁下的对外经济政策

当前中国宏观经济面临诸多难题,特别是对外贸易和汇率、外汇储备过多等问题.众多影响因素之下,中国作为世界工厂的地位受到威胁,形成了所谓的"中国制造"难题.本文通过分析新古典贸易理论,认为主流经济学的贸易理论不适合解释当前对外贸易中出现的问题;一个存在技术进步的中美贸易虚构的模型可以看出中美贸易导致中国贸易条件恶化的可能性.本文认为,要保持中国对外经济的健康发展,实现"中国制造"的顺利升级,必须保持独立的货币政策和提高名义经济增长率,唯此才能获得人民币升值牢固的基础和对外贸易的主动权.     

关于汇率理论与汇率政策研究的思考

汇率的决定与外汇市场供求、经常账户平衡、央行货币政策、相关资产价格、经济基本面、国民收入及国际收支账户等有着直接的或间接的关系。完善人民币汇率形成机制,要从外汇市场拓展到本外币政策深层次协调,从涉外经济拓展到内外经济协调发展,同时在新的汇率形成机制下对国际货币体系和主要货币的变化趋势进行系统的监测预测和分析研究。     

Managing real exchange rate for economic growth: Empirical evidences from developing countries

Abstract

This article analyses macroeconomic policies capable of influencing the long-run real exchange rate (RER). In this vein, it identifies economic policy tools that can devalue RER, covering a theoretical issue neglected by the economic literature, which argues that competitive exchange rate enhances growth. After discussing the “Trilemma,” we identify those variables that could affect RER without constraining monetary policy or exchange rate regime choice. In what follows, we model the probability of achieving an undervalued (small or large) RER for a sample of 14 developing countries from 1980 to 2010 (30?years) by applying econometric techniques for discrete choice and censored data. Afterwards, we compare the results for Latin American nations with Asian ones. They suggest that competitive exchange rate requires different approaches depending on the region. Moreover, Latin American countries need to take on additional policies so that interventions in the foreign exchange market become effective.     

Research on China’s export structure to the US: Analysis based on the US economic growth and exchange rate

Due to the rapid appreciation of RMB, the consistent declining of the US economy and other uncertain factors, China’s export volume to the United States has declined. The paper first chooses six industries to divide them into three groups based on per capita possession of capital, then employs the monthly data from 2001 to 2008 to carry out EG two-step cointegration test, and finally analyzes the impacts of the US economic growth and the exchange rate variability on different export industries. Empirical results show that the labor-intensive industries are most susceptible to fluctuations brought by economic growth and real exchange rate, while those industries with higher per capita possession of capital are less susceptible to external factors. In the short run, the export of labor-intensive products gives an advantage to China’s foreign trade development, but in the long-run, these industries will be affected greatly by various uncertain factors and the advantages of China’s labor-intensive export industries will disappear with the shift of the international division. Therefore, the only way to guarantee the dominant position of China’s foreign trade is to develop capital and technology intensive export industries and upgrade export structure.     

Macroeconomic policy regimes,real exchange rate overvaluation,and performance of the Brazilian economy (2003–2015)

The objective of this article is to present a review of the workings of the macroeconomic policy regimes in Brazil since 2003 in order to show that both the macroeconomic policy tripod and the new macroeconomic matrix were not capable of ensuring macroeconomic stability in the medium- to long term due to their incapacity to avoid a persistent overvaluation of the real exchange rate or to stop the increasing trend in primary expenditures/gross domestic product, which produced a major fiscal crisis in 2015.     

我国货币政策对人民币汇率影响的实证研究

文章基于2005年7月21日我国人民币汇率改革以来的连续时间序列数据和离散数据,利用多元回归模型,实证研究了人民币汇率市场化改革以来我国货币政策对人民币汇率的影响。实证结果表明:我国货币政策的两个变量—货币供应量和利率,会对人民币汇率产生显著的影响,其中人民币货币供应量增加会引起人民币汇率贬值,银行间信用隔夜拆借利率上升可以引起人民币汇率升值。因此,中国在稳步推进人民币汇率制度改革同时,应有效监控我国货币供应量对汇率的影响,密切关注银行间同业拆解利率对人民币汇率波动的影响,从而促进我国经济内外平衡和外汇市场的平稳健康发展。     

Real exchange rate and exchange rate policy in Hungary

Five real exchange rate indicators are computed to assess the international competitiveness of Hungarian industry. These indicators are explained in econometric equations by employment, unemployment, productivity, interest spread and real producer wage. Causality tests reveal that external performance has an impact on real exchange rates, and contributes to explaining real exchange rates. There is very limited scope for policy intervention to constrain the negative effects of capital inflows without incurring other costs.     

An empirical evaluation of China’s monetary policies

This paper investigates the responsiveness of the Chinese government’s monetary policies in terms of the money supply and interest rates to economic conditions and the effectiveness of these policies in achieving the goals of stimulating economic growth and controlling inflation. We analyze the responsiveness and effectiveness by estimating the Taylor rule, the McCallum rule, and a vector autoregressive model using quarterly data in the period of 1992-2009. The results show that, overall, the monetary policy variables respond to economic growth and the inflation rate, but the magnitudes of the responses are much weaker than those observed in market economies. Money supply responded actively to both the inflation rate and the real output and had certain effects on the future inflation rates and real output. The official interest rates, on the other hand, responded passively to the inflation rate and did not respond to the real output. They do not have any effect on future inflation rates and real output either.     

China's economic growth and its real exchange rate

The shocks that underlie China's comparatively rapid growth include gains in productivity, factor accumulation and policy reforms that increase allocative efficiency. The well-known Balassa–Samuelson hypothesis links productivity growth in tradable industries with real appreciations. Yet it relies heavily on the law of one price applying for tradable goods, against which there is now considerable evidence. In its absence, other growth shocks also affect the real exchange rate by influencing relative supply or demand for home product varieties. This paper investigates the pre-conditions for the Balassa–Samuelson hypothesis to predict a real appreciation in the Chinese case. It then quantifies the links between all growth shocks and the Chinese real exchange rate using a dynamic model of the global economy with open capital accounts and full demographic underpinnings to labor supply. The results suggest that financial capital inflows most affect the real exchange rate in the short term, while differential productivity is strong in the medium term. Contrary to expectation, in the long term demographic forces prove to be weak relative to changes in the skill composition of the labor force, which enhances services sector performance and depreciates the real exchange rate.     

固定汇率、浮动汇率下中国经济政策——人民币升值对我国进出口贸易的影响分析

在当前国内外经济环境不佳的情况下,中美两国就人民币汇率升值问题争议不断。1994年以来中国实行人民币汇率制度改革,在人民币持续升值情况下,并未缓解中美贸易不平衡和减少美国的贸易逆差,中央政府基于国家发展水平就未来货币政策的选择上处于两难境地,期望建立健全"参考一篮子货币进行调节,以市场供求为基础的、有管理的浮动汇率"机制,保持人民币汇率相对稳定,减轻人民币升值对中国经济增长的影响。     

汇率风险和中国产业的国际竞争

在新发展格局下,现代产业发展更加注重发展和安全的平衡。本文采用2005—2018年的数据分析了中国各行业面临的汇率风险暴露和国外产业竞争。研究发现：中国有426%的行业面临汇率风险暴露,资源品行业受到汇率冲击的影响最为严重,可贸易品行业受益于人民币兑美元贬值,但汇率的敏感性远低于日美贸易战时期。中国有389%的行业面临来自美国的产业竞争,产业支持政策在一定程度上增强了中国产业的竞争力。除美国外,中国的产业竞争主要来自英国、法国等欧洲发达国家。在此基础上,讨论了后疫情时代企业国际化的困难和应对。本文的研究对于汇率风险管理和产业政策制定有重要的参考价值。     

Real exchange rate misalignments

This paper investigates episodes of real exchange rate appreciations and depreciations for a sample of 85 countries from 1960 to 1998. A Markov Switching Model is used to characterize real exchange rate misalignment series as stochastic autoregressive processes governed by two states corresponding to different means and variances. Our main findings are: first, some countries present no evidence of distinct misalignment regimes; second, for some countries there is no RER misalignment in one of the regimes; and, third, for the countries with two misalignment regimes, the appreciated regime has higher persistence than the depreciated one.     

人民币汇率变动对多国经济增长和产业结构影响的地缘经济分析

将全世界划分为10个国家(或地区),在全球经济一般均衡框架下,模拟并分析了不同汇率情景下各国和地区的经济增长和产业结构的变化。模拟结果显示:中国的GDP将于2035年超过美国;人民币升值会导致中国的GDP增速放缓,而对其他国家的GDP增长有促进作用;人民币贬值有利于中国GDP的增长,但不利于其他国家GDP的增长;人民币升值后,中国农业、轻工业和建筑业的比重下降,食品加工业、能源业、化学工业和重工业的比重上升,而印度和俄罗斯与中国在地缘经济上是竞争关系,欧美国家与中国在地缘经济上是合作关系,因此印度和俄罗斯的产业结构变化与中国大致相反,而欧美国家的产业结构变化趋势与中国类似。