Measurement of labour quality growth caused by unobservable characteristics

The standard economy-wide indices of labour quality (or human capital) largely ignore the role of unobservable worker characteristics. In this article, we develop a methodology for identifying the contributions of both observable and unobservable worker characteristics in the presence of the incidental parameter problem. Based on data for Switzerland over the period 1991 to 2006, we find that a large part of growth in labour quality is caused by shifts in the distribution of unobservable worker characteristics. The overall index differs little from the standard indices, but contributions to growth attributed to education and age are corrected downwards.     

健康管理与企业生产力提高

本文探讨了现代企业生产力管理中健康管理的作用,提出健康管理是2j世纪企业提升生产力的新战略,是提高健康资源效益的有效途径。企业对健康的投资是一种重要的人力资本投资,健康管理是现代企业全面提高竞争力的必要手段。     

Adjusting to a New Technology: Experience and Training

How does the economy react to the arrival of a new major technology? The existing literature on general-purpose technologies (GPTs) has studied the role that mechanisms like secondary innovations, diffusion, and learning by firms play in the adjustment process. By contrast, we focus on a new mechanism: the interplay between technological change and two types of human capital—technology-specific experience and education. We show that technological change that requires more education and training, like computerization, necessarily produces an initial slowdown. On the other hand, technological change that lowers the training requirements, like the move from the artisan shop to the factory, can produce either a bust or a boom. We identify three key properties that determine the outcome: (1) the productivity of inexperienced workers, (2) the speed with which experience raises productivity, and (3) the level of general skills required to operate the new technology.     

Corporate governance,human capital,and productivity: evidence from Chinese non-listed firms

This article analyses the effects of corporate governance (CG) and human capital on productivity by using the 1999–2006 data from the National Bureau of Statistics of China (NBSC). The findings of this study are twofold. First, CG and human capital generate significant positive effects on the productivity of both state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and non-SOEs. Second, CG has significantly different moderate and mediate effects on the relationship between human capital and productivity. Our results are robust to different specifications and alternative measures. This study provides clear policy implications by suggesting that the firms in emerging markets, especially SOEs, must improve their CG and their allocation of human capital for them to enhance their productivity.     

人力资本、技术差距与全要素生产率

在运用改进方法对我国省级人力资本存量和全要素生产率进行了再测算的基础上,引入地区技术差距变量,实证研究了1996—2016年间我国省级人力资本存量、地区技术差距对全要素生产率的影响。结果发现人力资本、地区技术差距对全要素生产率、技术效率改进、技术进步的作用,存在相互制约、互相促进的一个过程,这是对已有文献研究结论的一个补充。     

R&D, Human Capital and International Technology Spillovers: A Cross-country Analysis

This paper is based on recent developments in the theory of innovation-driven growth that emphasize both the importance of R&D efforts — domestic as well as foreign — for explaining national productivity, and the complementarity between R&D and human capital investments. Estimates of specifications, in growth terms and in level terms, on a cross-section of OECD countries from the early 1960s to the early 1990s lend strong support to this thesis. The data show a significant influence of both domestic and foreign R&D. Moreover, there is clearly a net positive impact of human capital. The level and growth rate of human capital are shown to affect productivity growth and there is evidence of interaction with the catch-up process.
JEL classification: O 33; O 47     

中国区域全要素生产率的影响因素分析——基于地理溢出效应的视角

随着区域经济一体化程度的不断增加,区域间经济活动的相互依赖性日益加强,地理溢出效应对区域全要素生产率的影响受到越来越多的关注。利用中国1998—2008年25个省(市、自治区)的相关数据,运用面板数据模型的分析方法,研究了研发资本、人力资本、公共基础设施资本及其地理溢出效应对区域全要素生产率的影响。结果显示,研发资本、人力资本与公共基础设施资本投入对区域全要素生产率具有积极的影响。人力资本的地理溢出效应不显著,公共基础施设资本投入的地理溢出效应为负。研发资本及其地理溢出效应对区域全要素生产率有积极影响,地理溢出效应大于研发资本对本地区全要素生产率的影响。     

Understanding TFP growth in inland regions of China: an empirical study of the effects of three factors

In this paper, we empirically examine the potential effects of international openness, domestic coastal-inland market integration, and human capital accumulation on TFP growth in inland provinces in China. By using a nonlinear technique as our main regression approach as well as an extended GMM method as robustness checks, we show that human capital accumulation plays an important role in promoting TFP growth in the inland provinces. Our results support the argument that the most important contribution of human capital to income growth lies not in its static, direct effect as an accumulable factor in the production function, but in its dynamic role in promoting TFP growth. Our regression results also provide evidence for the positive roles international openness and domestic coastal-inland market integration play in promoting TFP growth in inland provinces in China.     

专用性人力资本、信息结构及创新模式选择

文章探讨了企业人力资本专用性和信息结构两个企业情境因素对企业创新模式选择的影响以及企业间合作动机的调节作用。企业参与合作的动机包括三个方面：与研究开发有关的合作动机,与技术学习有关的合作动机以及与市场进入等战略目的有关的合作动机。以我国企业为样本,以企业规模、产品发展阶段和产业地位作为控制变量进行了理论分析及实证分析,研究发现：人力资本专用性越强,企业越倾向于选择内部创新模式;信息结构以横向为主导的企业倾向于选择内部创新模式;反之,人力资本专用性弱及纵向信息结构与外部创新相对应。并且,通过层次回归分析发现研究开发动机会增强信息结构与内部创新模式的正向关系,而技术学习动机会减弱人力资本专用性与内部创新模式的正向关系。     

Poland’s uninterrupted growth performance: new growth accounting evidence

Since 1992 Poland has experienced an exceptionally long spell of output growth that was not interrupted even by the global economic crisis. Using a growth accounting exercise based on new estimates of flows of capital and labour services in the Polish economy during the period 1996–2013, we study the structure of this growth, highlighting the key role of certain supply-side factors. Most notably, unlike other European countries, the Polish economy recorded both a marked increase in capital deepening, a big improvement in workforce composition (driven mostly by educational attainment), and an uninterrupted process of productivity convergence. We also comment on the supply-side factors which contributed to Poland’s relative resilience to the global economic crisis of 2007–2010.     

人力资本构成、生产率差距与全要素生产率——基于中国省级面板数据的分析

利用中国1987-2008年省级面板数据,本文实证研究了人力资本构成和生产率差距对全要素生产率的影响.估计结果显示,在其他条件不变时,高技术人力资本和低技术人力资本对全要素生产率增长都有显著的正效应,其中高技术人力资本的作用更大;两种层次人力资本对全要素生产率的边际影响依赖于该地区全要素生产率与全国最高全要素生产率之间的距离,高技术人力资本对全要素生产率的促进作用存在门槛效应,当生产率差距较小时,高技术人力资本对提高全要素生产率的作用较大,当生产率差距较大时,全要素生产率增长则主要依赖于低技术人力资本的积累.     

人才政策可以促进企业全要素生产率增长吗*——基于地方政府人才治理视角的研究

本文使用2001—2016年我国国家法律法规数据库中针对人才出台的地方性法规及部门规章对人才政策予以定量识别,并与上市企业数据进行匹配,实证检验了地方人才政策对企业全要素生产率的影响。研究发现,人才政策能够显著促进企业全要素生产率增长。具体而言,人才政策出台数量平均每增加1条,能够促进企业全要素生产率增长约0005。机制检验证明,人才政策通过提高企业技术创新水平和纠正人力资本在企业间的错配两条路径促进企业全要素生产率增长。此外,企业及行业异质性研究发现,人才政策对非国有企业及高技术产业全要素生产率的影响大于国有企业及非高技术产业。以上发现对于当前地方政府人才治理体系建设具有较大意义,对如何完善政府人才政策促进中国经济高质量发展也具有一定启示。     

地区全要素生产率的增长动力与溢出效应——基于中国地市级面板数据的实证研究

基于产品多样化模型,推演出全要素生产率(TFP)增长动力模型。采用2000—2013年中国242个地级市的相关数据,结合空间面板杜宾模型,考察了TFP的空间溢出效应。研究结果表明:城市TFP存在空间溢出效应,城市TFP增长主要受到本市与临近城市的研发投入和人力资本的双重作用;城市的研发投入对自身TFP增长具有正向影响,但对周边地区TFP增长的影响不明显;相邻城市的人力资本对TFP增长具有显著的正向空间溢出效应,本地人力资本对TFP增长亦具有显著的正向影响。     

ChinHow R&D Investments Influence TFP Growth: Evidence from China’s Large and Medium- Sized Industrial Enterprises

This paper investigates the potential channels through which R&D may influence TFP growth using industry-level panel data of China’s large and medium-sized industrial enterprises over the period of 2000–2007. Comparing with existing literature, we provide a closer look of the relationship between R&D and TFP growth by decomposing TFP growth into efficiency change and technical change components using Malmquist productivity index and distinguishing between upstream R&D spillovers and downstream R&D spillovers. We find TFP grow slightly during 2000–2007, and R&D investment indeed serves as an engine of productivity growth just as endogenous growth theories argued, which is largely because R&D accelerates technical progress even it also results in enlarging technical inefficiency. However, we find a robust negative effect of downstream R&D spillovers on TFP growth, the effects of upstream is positive but not statistically significant. In addition, we do not find the positive effects of human capital on TFP as endogenous growth theories indicated, but find human capital severs as “assimilation device” for R&D spillovers both in promoting TFP growth and increasing technical efficiency even the effects on technical progress is adverse.     

Is Public Capital Productive in China? Evidence from a Panel of Chinese Provinces

In addition to the direct productivity effect, public capital also has an indirect effect on private capital stock and labor input. This paper offers an evaluation of both the direct and indirect effects of Chinese public capital by applying a trans-log aggregate production function including public capital stock to a panel of regional data from 1986–2009. Moreover, we calculate the impact of public capital on regional total factor productivity (TFP) performance by introducing a system GMM estimation. The results show that the output elasticity of Chinese public capital stock is significantly positive, but decreasing year on year, and public capital is found to be a substitute for labor but complementary to private capital input. Finally, public capital has a significant positive effect on regional TFP performance.