In the eye of the beholder: How regulatory focus and self-efficacy interact in influencing opportunity recognition

Although there is evidence that regulatory focus is associated with opportunity exploitation, there is a lack of research examining its role at the early stages of opportunity recognition. The present study makes two major contributions to address this gap. First, we demonstrate that entrepreneurs' promotion focus is positively related to opportunity recognition, whereas prevention focus is not significantly related to opportunity recognition. Second, integrating two theories of self-regulation – regulatory focus theory and self-efficacy theory – our findings reveal that a high promotion focus compensates for entrepreneurs' low levels of creative and entrepreneurial self-efficacy in opportunity recognition. Our study extends extant cognitive theories of opportunity recognition.     

Effect of generational status on immigrants’ intentions to start new ventures: The role of cognitions

Immigrants contribute to the economic development of their host nation by starting business ventures. However, knowledge of whether or not their intentions to do so changes from generation to generation is not complete. We contribute to filling this gap by analyzing the role of generational status on immigrants’ entrepreneurial intentions. In order to explain the mechanism underlying this effect, we focused on the role of cultural intelligence and entrepreneurial self-efficacy. Empirical analyses based on a sample of 289 respondents support our hypothesized arguments. We discuss the findings, advance theoretical contributions and draw implications for social and public policy.     

“I know I can,but I don't fit”: Perceived fit,self-efficacy,and entrepreneurial intention

While extant literature generally suggests a positive relationship between entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurial intention, several moderators have been identified – suggesting possible boundary conditions on that relationship. This paper introduces perceived person-entrepreneurship fit to entrepreneurship and shows that it moderates the relationship between entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurial intention. Three studies are conducted which illuminate the utility of randomized experiments and methodological approaches to address limitations in the interpretation of empirical results. Studies 1 and 2 are randomized experiments to examine causality; Study 3 contains two correlational surveys to triangulate the results by examining whether the proposed effects withstand the influence of confounding variables in real-life. The findings indicate that when a strong perception of fit with entrepreneurship is achieved, entrepreneurial intention is strongly predicted by entrepreneurial self-efficacy. In contrast, if one perceives a low level of fit or no fit, entrepreneurial intention will be low, regardless of entrepreneurial self-efficacy.     

What explains the degree of internationalization of early-stage entrepreneurial firms? A multilevel study on the joint effects of entrepreneurial self-efficacy,opportunity-motivated entrepreneurship,and home-country institutions

Integrating recent theories of entrepreneurship with new institutional economics, we develop a multilevel model to deepen our knowledge of how micro-level entrepreneurs’ personality and motivational antecedents interact with macro-level home-country institutions in determining internationalization by early-stage entrepreneurial firms. Data were collected from Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Adult Population Survey, GEM National Expert Survey, and the World Economic Outlook Database for the year of 2014. The results show that the personality trait of entrepreneurial self-efficacy contributes positively to the degree of internationalization via mobilizing opportunity-motivated entrepreneurship and that home-country formal institutions strengthen the above relationship of such young entrepreneurial firms.     

Marketing and Technological Absorptive Capacities: Environmental Antecedents and Performance Outcomes in High-Tech Firms

Purpose: This article investigates marketing and technology absorptive capacities as distinct types of external knowledge while considering three environmental conditions, namely uncertainty, munificence, and heterogeneity and two distinct outcomes, namely innovation and financial performance.

Methodology/approach: Using a quantitative approach, the authors analyze data from 141 Israeli business-to-business high-tech firms.

Findings: The data mostly supported the hypotheses. Empirical findings imply that an uncertain environment is a precursor for a strong effort to develop a technological absorptive capacity and, to a lesser extent, a marketing absorptive capacity. Technological and marketing absorptive capacities were found to be distinct constructs with positive impacts on financial and innovation performance. Marketing absorptive capacity had a stronger impact than technological absorptive capacity on financial performance. Surprisingly, marketing absorptive capacity was negatively associated with innovation performance.

Originality/value: This study attempts to overcome some limiting assumptions of absorptive capacity theory that have contributed to its reification in order to make three theoretical contributions. First, it distinguishes between marketing and technological absorptive capacities. Second, it tests differential responses of the two absorptive capacities to environmental contingencies. Third, it compares the differential impacts of marketing and technological absorptive capacities on financial and innovation performance.     

Trademarks and venture capital valuation

This study investigates the role of trademarks in the start-up valuations of venture capitalists (VCs). Our results show that the number and breadth of trademark applications have inverted U-shaped relationships with the financial valuations of start-ups by VCs. The findings also indicate that in later funding rounds, the value of trademark applications decreases when the start-up progresses into more advanced development stages. Start-ups should consider these findings when seeking funding from VCs and should stress their market and growth orientations and their willingness to protect their marketing investments by highlighting their trademark activities.     

我国企业营销观念创新的取向

随着经济的发展,企业竞争愈来愈激烈,企业要想在竞争中生存下去,就必须进行制度、技术、管理、营销等创新。企业其他创新都是为营销创新提供一种有益的环境,以保证营销创新的成功。培养正确的创新型的营销思路,要有坚忍不拔的精神,使企业在营销创新中必须创造价值,同时营销创新要切实可行,注意运用合力。     

How should we divide the pie? Equity distribution and its impact on entrepreneurial teams

Drawing on a multiple case study approach and data on eight entrepreneurial teams observed over six months this article develops a dynamic model of the consequences of equity distribution among team members. Perceived justice of equity distribution emerged as a key variable influencing entrepreneurial team interactions and important entrepreneurial outcomes. High perceived justice triggered positive team interaction spirals, whereas low perceived justice triggered negative interaction spirals. Teams exposed to external threats drifted from a positive spiral to a negative spiral despite high perceived justice. We discuss the implications of our study for research on entrepreneurial imprints, justice, and exit.     

Patterns of Non-Tariff Barriers in the Pacific Rim

As the current world-wide protectionistic trend indicates, trade disputes are becoming increasingly important. In particular, non-tariff barriers have become prominent distortions to world trade flows and are, collectively, the source of much trade friction. The results of this study indicate that significant variations exist across selected Pacific Rim countries in the occurence and importance of non-tariff barriers to trade. The variance in the use of non-tariff barriers has implications for entry strategies and directions for future research.     

产业集群“离合”营销模式研究——以长垣起重机集群营销创新模式为例

长垣起重机集群的快速崛起为我们提供了一种独特的营销模式——产业集群"离合"营销模式。在长垣起重机产业集群成长过程中,独立、分散、灵活的集群式产业营销团队起着十分关键的作用。这种分布广泛、规模庞大且相对独立自由的集群式产业营销团队并不属于任何企业,而是属于整个产业集群,他们根据客户需求和厂商产品属性进行最优匹配,将市场与厂商连接起来。这种离合式的产业集群营销运行模式,将生产与营销分离开来,使内部营销行为转化为外部公关行为,使生产企业专注于生产,营销人员专注于营销,同时营销人员将所收集的市场信息反馈给生产企业,为企业根据顾客导向调整生产结构提供参考,可为产业集群转型升级与高速发展提供低成本、低风险、高效率、高速度的产业扩张路径,具有重要现实价值;这种离合式的产业集群营销模式,使营销理论从企业内部扩展到产业集群,形成产业集群营销理论,是未来营销理论重要的研究方向,具有重要理论意义。当然,这种模式也具有局限性,仅适用于对品牌要求不高、购买决策模式为公共关系型的大型机械产业集群。     

基于企业营销能力的营销组织创新研究

本文认为,随着消费者需求的个性化与多样化、市场的国际化与微型化、信息技术的高速发展及市场竞争的日益激烈,企业的营销能力已超越生产能力和研发能力成为最重要的企业能力,而企业营销能力的高低取决于企业营销组织的合理性。要提高企业营销能力,必须构建适应环境、符合企业发展战略的营销组织,通过营销组织创新,建立市场驱动型的企业组织,培育、维护和更新企业可持续的竞争优势。当前营销组织创新的重点是营销组织概念创新、营销组织结构创新、营销流程创新、营销沟通创新及营销组织绩效考核创新。     

略论百年营销思想的演进与创新

自市场营销理论于20世纪初期在美国诞生,至今已有百余年发展历史。在营销理论诞生百年之际,有必要对营销思想的发展历程进行大致的阐述和梳理。所以要从营销受众范围、管理哲学、绩效指标、研究范式、组合要素、研究对象、地理界限、实施主体、战略目标、体系框架等十个方面进行总结分析,方能揭示出营销思想的演进脉络和创新轨迹。