基于逆向创新的后发企业自主创新能力成长机制研究

本文以海尔和迈瑞的逆向创新案例为样本,探讨了基于逆向创新的后发企业自主创新能力成长机制模型。结果表明,逆向创新策略是后发企业自主创新能力构建的有效途径,而基于创新网络的动态组织学习是企业自主创新能力成长的内在驱动因素,后发企业可以选择从市场创新入手弥补技术基础的不足,继而逐渐发展自主技术能力。     

在位企业和后发企业创新路径的特征分析

在分析了在位企业创新路径特征及其衰亡过程的基础上,对后发企业在施行破坏性创新中的优劣势进行了剖析,为后发企业制定破坏性创新策略提供借鉴。     

后发企业实施破坏性创新的策略研究

由于过去的成功模式对后发企业的影响较小,因此,其在破坏性创新方面更容易通过路径创新形成破坏性创新,这也是很多后发企业实现超越在位企业的方法。本文通过分析不同行业中的后发企业通过破坏性创新实现超越在位企业的例子,在此基础上得出后发企业实施破坏性创新的策略。     

商业模式创新视角下后发企业颠覆式创新机理——基于智能手机行业的多案例扎根分析

商业模式创新是后发企业竞争优势的重要来源,探明后发企业通过商业模式创新实现颠覆的"黑箱"机制,已成为亟待解决的关键性问题。本文基于商业模式创新的新视角,探讨后发企业颠覆式创新的内隐机制,揭示了颠覆过程如何启动、颠覆动力如何持续等内在机理。收集整理华为、小米、OPPO、vivo四家智能手机后发企业的案例资料,采用多案例研究与扎根理论结合的方法,构建商业模式创新视角下后发企业颠覆式创新的机理模型。结果显示:基于用户价值体系迁移方向的价值主张设计、价值网络重构、盈利模式创新、关键资源能力强化等构成了颠覆启动机制,而隔离能力和企业柔性则构成了颠覆长效机制。最后,本文为后发企业提出了强化用户价值体系迁移感知能力、建立多元化的柔性机制、促进技术创新与商业模式创新深度融合的建议。     

动态环境下的后发企业追赶研究——基于商业模式创新视角

商业模式创新一直被视为企业后发追赶的重要手段,本文借助典型案例,从商业模式创新视角对动态环境下的后发企业追赶问题进行相关讨论。研究发现,商业模式创新是一个动态演进的过程,随着竞争环境的改变和新市场机会的出现,后发企业需要对已有商业模式进行持续不断的调整和修正,从而使其更好地适应新的商业环境。此外,市场时机选择、企业资源配置、技术创新协同等因素在后发企业开展商业模式创新过程中发挥了重要的作用。     

面向颠覆式创新的后发企业价值网络演进模型——以海尔集团为例

颠覆式创新理论为后发企业实现赶超提供了理论支持,而价值网络作为开展颠覆式创新的重要工具,其演进过程和机理有待深入研究。本文以海尔集团为颠覆式创新典型案例,首先厘清了后发企业价值网络的结构:价值主张、价值主体、价值活动、价值关系和价值空间;然后考察了海尔集团实施颠覆式创新的过程,包括起步期、快速成长期、全面赶超期以及转型期四个时期;最后从形态-机理的复合视角构建了面向颠覆式创新的后发企业价值网络演进模型。根据研究成果,后发企业应对其价值网络进行全面梳理、评估,然后针对不同发展时期作出适应性战略调整,调整重点分别为:瞄准顾客消费痛点,集中资源打造核心竞争力;专注积累自身实力,稳步扩大市场份额;自主创新引领发展,打通外部关系管网;坚持顾客导向的核心,开展跨界融合谋转型。     

跨国公司在华创新外包的交易逻辑与新机理

本文在交易成本理论基础上,基于技术“双元性”假设与不确定性情境,对跨国公司在华创新外包进行实证分析。结果表明跨国公司在中国市场上的接包活动主要受三种不确定性的影响：从交易的市场不确定性来看,当合约标的属于技术秘密时,交易属于“在岸逆向外包”的概率越小;从交易的技术不确定性来看,如果承接方为外商独资企业,交易为“在岸逆向外包”的概率越小;从交易的行为不确定性来看,合同的付款方式越倾向于可变支付,交易属于“在岸逆向外包”的概率越大。进一步从所有权控制视角剖析跨国公司的交易运营策略,发现无论是技术不确定性还是市场不确定性,都会导致跨国公司与内资企业交易活动的收缩。     

浅析基于绿色环保概念的企业逆向物流管理

阐述了基于绿色环保概念的逆向物流的内涵及企业发展逆向物流的经济价值和社会价值;分析了我国企业发展逆向物流的有利条件以及在发展过程中存在的障碍,最后提出了实施、改进逆向物流管理的具体策略等.     

技术公共服务平台中企业创新策略选择的演化博弈研究

各地政府正加快建设一批技术公共服务平台以促进各类创新主体融合发展。在技术公共服务平台发展初期，政府补贴监管是影响企业创新策略选择的关键因素。基于平台中企业的两种主要技术创新模式——技术合作研发和技术转移，考虑技术值、技术转移费、技术收益转化系数及政策工具等因素，构建市场机制和政府补贴监管下技术公共服务平台中企业创新策略选择的演化博弈模型，研究政府补贴监管的作用效果，并通过仿真分析技术公共服务平台中企业技术创新策略选择的动态演化及其影响因素。研究结果表明：政府补贴与监管在促进企业选择合作研发策略中具有一定作用，且政府监管更能促进企业选择合作研发策略；技术合作研发收益转换系数与技术值的组合提高更能促进平台中企业向合作研发策略演化，合作研发原始成本和合作成本的组合降低会显著促进企业向合作研发策略演化。最后，从优化补贴监管政策、培育良好合作研发环境和优化平台运行机制视角提出相应建议。     

逆向跨国并购驱动产业快速升级的路径研究

逆向跨国并购是后发国家企业通过并购这一经营性活动获取发达国家战略性资源的行为,以逆向跨国并购实现产业快速升级被证实为一种有效便捷的模式。实现逆向跨国并购驱动产业快速升级在具备国际环境的同时,宏观政府支持和微观企业谋划同等重要。逆向跨国并购虽然在实施单位上是企业的选择,但是还应该放在国家战略上给予重视,应以宏观政策为支撑、公司发展为规划、产业创新为目的、法律和市场为保障以及引入负面清单实现逆向跨国并购的快速升级。     

从机会窗口视角看音王集团的发展

后发企业在经济上行时可以利用机会窗口有效扩张,在经济下行时抓住机会通过“窗口期”赶超领先企业。论文以音王集团为例,基于机会窗口的视角,从制度、技术和需求三个维度,分析其发展过程中的机会窗口以及与窗口相匹配的创新发展战略。     

从本土代理商到国际竞争者:深圳迈瑞医疗的经验与启示

追赶企业通常面临技术和市场的双重壁垒,因此需要正确应对追赶战略选择和技术创新能力培养的挑战。深圳迈瑞医疗的成功为正在进行追赶的中国企业提供了三点启示:第一,企业的追赶已经进入了以国际市场和标准为初始起点的新阶段;第二,工业设计的创新可以成为中国企业走向国际化的新路径;第三,要以预先培养建设自身能力为核心,作为实现和提升技术引进效果的前提。     

An analysis of firm-level innovation strategies in the US biotechnology industry

This study examines factors that may affect innovation strategies and performance of firms in the biotechnology industry. Specifically, differences between factors common to firms with high R&D intensity and those to firms with low R&D intensity are investigated. Biotechnology firms with relatively higher levels of R&D intensity attribute their innovation performance to research-based innovation factors and strategies such as strengthening their own research capabilities, entering into research collaborations with universities, industry leaders and other biotech firms, and licensing their technology. These strategies can be summarized as alignment within the industry. Firms with relatively lower R&D intensity have a hybrid focus—they invest in R&D but may also have products on the market. These firms attribute their innovation performance more so to production-based innovation factors and strategies such as gaining market access and maintaining connections with customers. Their strategy focuses on competitiveness, marketing, and distribution channels, while not ignoring the importance of a strong research base and the need to advance technologically. In a sense, strategies employed to achieve successful innovation reflect the stage of innovation in which a firm is operating for a particular product or process.     

Strategies of innovation in smaller firms

The exploratory study described below identifies and examines the ways in which smaller firms respond to the product gaps which arise when their existing product bases no longer provide the sales and profit potential required to fulfil their managers' aspirations for corporate growth. It was concerned to ascertain how product gaps are actually identified by managers, and to investigate the relationships between the different types of gaps and firms' innovation strategies. Fifty-four strategies of innovation were examined in eighteen firms across several industries. Two distinct types of product gap emerged from the analysis: ‘positive’ and ‘negative’. Each reflected a different pattern of managerial perception of the strategic need to innovate, and each tended to be followed by distinctly proactive or reactive strategies of innovation with predictable consequences for the product-market position of the firm.     

The more the merrier? Network portfolio size and innovation performance in Nigerian firms

A positive relationship between firms' networking activities and innovativeness has been consistently established in the literature on innovation. However, studies considering different innovation types, and on developing countries are scarce. This paper addresses questions concerning the relationship between networking strategies and innovativeness of firms, using innovation survey data on Nigerian firms. Quantile regression is applied to trace the link between portfolio size and innovation at different levels of innovative success. The results show a positive relationship between a firm's innovation performance and the size of its networking portfolio. This relationship varies across different innovation types and with increasing innovation performance. The findings suggest that the widely accepted portfolio approach to external search for knowledge is not necessarily always the best—its utility depends on the firm's current level of innovative success. This poses a challenge for open innovation.     

Revolutionary innovation and the incumbent business: Patterns of relationship and coping strategies

Revolutionary innovations bring about drastically new ways of doing business that potentially challenge the dominance and even the survival of many powerful incumbent firms. The choice of the incumbent firms’ strategies in coping with a revolutionary innovation depends on the specific patterns of relationship between the revolutionary innovation and the incumbent firms’ core business, be it substitutive, complementary, or parallel. In the situation of a substitutive relationship, the incumbent firms could exit from the incumbent business through swift divesting or gradual harvesting before it is eventually displaced or eroded. In a complementary relationship, the incumbents could absorb the innovation into the incumbent business by embracing the innovation that enables them to add entirely new functions to their incumbent business or assimilating the innovation to enhance the value of the incumbent business. In a parallel relationship, the revolutionary innovation either results in the retrenchment of the incumbent business or leaves it undisturbed, which, respectively, calls for specializing in certain niches of the incumbent business or further solidifying the incumbent business. In addition to the above coping strategies focusing primarily on the incumbent business, the incumbent firms also need to deal simultaneously with the new businesses inspired and propelled by the revolutionary innovation. They could fend off the potential disruptions of the innovation by engaging in a competitive fight in the market domain or a nonmarket fight in the sociopolitical domain. They could also enter those new businesses through greenfield entry or merger and acquisition.     

From original equipment manufacturing to branding: entrepreneurship,strategic leadership,and Taiwan’s firm transformation

This paper investigates firm transformation from original equipment manufacturing (OEM) to original brand manufacturing (OBM) based on variant experiences of Taiwan’s top global brands. Taking the competitive advantage of practicing OEM for multinational corporations (MNCs), latecomer firms can generate capital and accumulate capabilities by engaging with the global production network. Rarely does every firm transform into a global enterprise. We propose that only entrepreneurs with strategic leadership competence, which serves to manage a delicate balance between stability and change in a firm, are capable to facilitate firm transformation from OEM to a global enterprise practicing OBM. We provide an analytical framework that combines the research fields of entrepreneurship, strategic management, and leadership to analyze firm growth and firm transformation of Taiwanese firms. In light of possible branding dilemma when straddling dual-track businesses, successful transforming firms can alleviate this problem either by separating their OBM units from their OEM units or by creating a symbiotic relationship with their MNC customers. How Taiwanese firms first took advantage of initiating OEM to create capital and capabilities and later transformed into OBM provide useful experiences for other latecomer firms.     

Open search strategies and firm performance: The different moderating role of technological environmental dynamism

Mainly driven by the rapid progress of the ‘open innovation’ paradigm, previous research has devoted considerable efforts in investigating how the degree of openness to external knowledge influences firms׳ innovation performance. However, much less is known about its impact on performance at the firm level. Moreover, the question of which open search strategy is more suitable depending on environmental features is unresolved. We focus on breadth and depth as two distinct open search strategies and claim that, besides their different benefits in terms of learning and innovation, it is also necessary to consider their costs. Based on survey data of 248 high-technology manufacturing Spanish firms, this study extends recent research about the context dependency of openness effectiveness by showing that the effect of these two open search strategies on perceived firm performance is contingent with technological environmental dynamism in a reverse fashion. While search breadth is found to be positively associated with performance in less technologically dynamic environments, it seems to hurt performance in more dynamic contexts. On the contrary, while search depth is found to have a positive effect on performance in highly technologically dynamic environments, it appears to harm firm performance in more stable contexts.