基于要素共演与动态能力联合驱动下的企业战略演化研究——以福建龙旺集团为研究样本

通过对大型集团公司福建龙旺1993—2022年的纵向案例研究,考察复杂环境背景下企业要素共演和动态能力联合驱动使企业在不确定性中平安“着陆”的做法,分析其战略演化特征和路径。研究结果发现：不同企业生命周期中整合资源使四要素（组织、产品、市场和用户）互相协同并演进,有利于实现企业战略转型。龙旺集团在其企业生命周期中,通过企业内外部资源进行组织、产品、市场和用户四要素的协同演进,帮助其摆脱困境从而获得竞争优势,成功实现战略转型。因此,企业在转型过程中应持续提升动态能力,构筑战略转型“护城河”,建立快速响应市场动态变化的信息反馈机制,强化组织自我革新意识,不断注入新活力。     

动态能力理论的战略管理思想及其理论基础探析

本文阐述了动态能力理论的能力观,揭示了动态能力理论对资源学派战略管理思想的五个新发展:战略管理的核心不是企业现有核心能力的识别和利用,而是企业核心能力和竞争优势的创新;企业能力的创新应当突破路径依赖性;战略管理应突破企业的纵向与横向边界,通过整合企业内外资源,构建新的核心能力;战略管理应当把构建知识整合机制和消除组织学习的障碍作为保持企业持续竞争优势的重要手段;企业的持续竞争优势来自于动态能力。因此,战略可以超越企业现有的资源与能力。在此基础上,本文探讨了动态能力理论的三个理论基础:熊彼特的创新理论、演化经济理论和基于知识的企业理论。     

企业主导产学研合作的技术与市场协同创新——以科大讯飞为例

基于科大讯飞的单案例研究,本文分析了科大讯飞以企业为主导的产学研合作模式和技术与市场协同创新的具体实践,揭示了企业主导产学研合作达到技术能力提升和市场价值实现的协同创新过程的内在机理,旨在为我国高科技企业积极构建企业主导型产学研合作创新模式以实现技术和市场的互动发展和协同创新,保持长期竞争优势,提供理论现实依据和实践借鉴。     

企业共进化关系模式稳定性、序层次及演化分析

企业共进化的logistics方程组体现了企业间非线性相互作用。本文运用微分方程稳定性分析方法,讨论了企业共进化的稳定类型、受扰运动、对应的参数取值条件及反映的企业间发展关系;系统地揭示了各种关系模式的内在稳定性、相互作用程度和平衡特征;在协同学演化理论基础上提出了企业共进化系统两个层次的序-规模序和关系序,以及它们在演化中的性质和功能。不同涨落引起企业发展的可能相变具有随机性,据此,文章还综合揭示了企业的协同演化机制和相变过程。     

企业动态能力及其生态位成长的边界

企业生态位成长是影响企业生存、发展和演化的重要因素,如何采取有效途径建构生态位优化体系已受到广泛关注。从企业的生产价值链来看,企业生态位边界的维度包括:纵向边界、横向边界和竖向边界。在企业生态位进化的过程中,企业的位置、资源和能力随之发展变化,企业生态位的边界也会改变。企业的动态能力决定了其与竞争者的抗衡程度,也就决定了它们能获得的资源种类以及数量的差异,导致了企业生态位成长边界的不同。     

制造业企业转型升级与成本战略的协同演化——基于海尔集团的案例分析

依靠传统的"低成本"思维发展起来的中国制造业,一旦资源优势丧失,势必会导致制造企业的整体发展受制于人。本文以海尔作为中国制造业的代表,研究了制造业企业转型升级与成本战略协同演化的路径。结果发现,海尔集团充分运用了组织优势,以客户为核心通过内部价值链成本战略、供应链成本战略和顾客价值链成本战略的不断演进,以及成本战略边界的收缩和扩张,将成本理念渗透到企业经营管理的全过程,始终保持成本战略与企业发展的动态耦合与高度一致。海尔的成功经验为中国制造业企业转型升级提供了借鉴。     

服务主导逻辑视角的互联网医疗服务产品化实现机制研究

新兴互联网医疗企业如何摆脱"盈利困局"?本研究以广东医特为案例研究对象,基于服务主导逻辑视角,揭示并构建了互联网医疗服务产品化实现机制模型。实现机制模型包括服务能力可视化、服务流程标准化、服务反馈客观化三个阶段,明确了各个阶段的背景诱因、形成过程和最终效果。研究结论有助于现有服务产品化理论和服务主导逻辑的演化研究,对互联网医疗企业有一定的现实启示作用。     

基于MC的物流技术能力的演进机理

分析了由能动性资源与非能动性资源构成的物流技术能力的演进机理,其演进是一个技术能力各要素的连续性积累和总体技术能力的间断性跃迁的过程,表现为基于能动性资源和非能动性资源共同推动的"双轮演进模式".     

产业集群品牌生态系统的构成、特征及演化

产业集群品牌生态系统的形成和发展过程是系统成员自适应、自协调、自组织的协同演化过程,这种协同演化存在于各个层次包括品牌个体、品牌种群、品牌群落和外部环境之间,是一种"多层嵌套"、"多项因果"的演进体系。本文借助生态学语言,采用隐喻的研究方法,阐述了产业集群品牌生态系统的构成成分、层次、要素和空间结构,分析了产业集群品牌生态系统的特征及演化机理,借用生物学中生命周期理论探讨了产业集群品牌生态系统的演化过程与一般规律。关于产业集群品牌生态系统演化的研究,包含着许多具有价值的政策含义,对集群品牌和企业品牌发展有着重要的指导意义。     

供应链向SDN演进的系统边界研究

在市场巨变和竞争激烈的环境下,供应链由于其局域合作性质导致其对市场的响应较迟缓和被动,为此,一种较合适全球竞争的企业管理模式——多功能开放型企业供需网(简称供需网或SDN)被提出并逐渐成为企业参与全球竞争的有效途径之一。根据复杂系统观点,这种转化实际是企业系统的演化行为,而演化又是系统边界面上的行为。为帮助企业正确决策SDN的实践操作,实施合理的目标行为,文章在提出SDN是供应链的有效演进方向背景下,在阐述系统边界及边界对系统演化影响的基础上,对转变系统的企业边界性质进行了分析,从任务目标、功能、结构及时间四维角度,根据SDN的特性所决定的供应链的演进目标层面对系统边界进行了分类,认为应转变系统的根本边界、演进过程中的系统边界及转变程度边界,以期对企业的供需网实践提供行为决策参考。     

A Capabilities Perspective on the Evolution of Firm Boundaries: A Comparative Case Example from the Portuguese Moulds Industry*

ABSTRACT The issue of vertical firm boundaries continues to attract interest both for economics and management research. The transaction cost economics approach, emphasizing transaction‐specific assets and opportunism in order to explain discrete ‘make‐or‐buy’ decisions, dominates the literature. Nevertheless, alternative perspectives, developed under the guise of the capabilities, competence or knowledge‐based theories of the firm, have gained attention recently. They focus on the evolutionary dynamics of boundaries in the context of the division of labour among firms in an industry and on what is to be divided and co‐ordinated – i.e. productive knowledge. The conceptual links between this line of research, which some refer to as neo‐Marshallian, and the Industrial Networks approach are explored in this paper. The paper emphasizes both a vision of firms as sets of direct and indirect capabilities, developed and combined in different ways over time, and the connectedness between inter‐firm relationships. The discussion is illustrated with the cases of two firms, which are contrasted in terms of the dynamic evolution of their boundaries. The analysis made supports the argument that firms’ vertical boundaries reflect their relationships with specific counterparts and the way they address through time the division and integration of knowledge through the configuration of direct and indirect, counterpart specific, capabilities.     

Entrepreneurship and Firm Boundaries: The Theory of A Firm

abstract In this paper, we consider how a better understanding of entrepreneurial activities can help explain how firm and industry boundaries change over time and how a more comprehensive understanding of boundary setting can explain where entrepreneurial activities are directed. We start from the premise that while entrepreneurs believe themselves to have superior ideas in one or multiple parts of the value chain, they are characteristically short of cash, and of the ability to convince others to provide it. This premise motivates a simple model in which the entrepreneur has a value‐adding set of ideas for ‘upstream’ and ‘downstream’ parts of a value chain, as well as for the ways to make these two parts of the value chain work better when joined under unitary control. Assuming that the entrepreneur's objective is to maximize her wealth, we observe that even in the presence of transactional risks or other factors that might make integration preferable to specialization, initial scope depends also on relatively unexplored factors such as (a) how severe the entrepreneur's cash constraint is, and (b) how much value the entrepreneur's ideas add at each part of the value chain. Entrepreneurs will focus on the areas that provide the maximum profit yield per available cash – a criterion which implies that scope choices depend on cash availability and the depth of the demand for the new idea along the value chain. We also note that entrepreneurs make money not only from the operating profits of their firms, but also from the appreciation of the assets the firm has accumulated. This consideration can change the optimal choice of the firms’ boundaries, as entrepreneurs must be sensitive to choosing the segment that will enable them to benefit not only in terms of profit, but also in terms of asset appreciation. We propose that, in the entrepreneurial context especially, it is helpful to focus on the multiple considerations affecting the choice of boundaries for ‘a’ firm – the context faced by an individual entrepreneur – rather than on generic considerations affecting ‘the’ (representative) firm. Scope choices reflect the entrepreneur's own theory of ‘how to make money’.     

Spreading and Shifting Costs of Lateral Control Among Peers: A Structural Analysis at the Individual Level

This paper uses three-way and sociometric data to reconstitute individual conceptions of peer-driven intervention for the protection of common resources in a collegial organization, a Northeastern corporate law firm. Variations in partners' individual conceptions are explained in terms of management of costs of lateral control. Costs of control are mainly expressed as costs to members in terms of social capital. Management of such costs includes spreading or concentrating them among partners, shifting them to others or bearing them oneself, and using similarities among others to smooth the control process among peers. Leverage styles are identified. They tend to combine various ways of spreading and shifting such costs, and characterize three levels of seniority. Seniority appears to be a key variable for a theory of unobtrusive protection of common resources among peers.     

Orders and Organizations:

A BSTRACT . We explore the relevance to the theory of economic organization of the distinction introduced by Hayek between two kinds of social order: spontaneous orders and organizations. We argue that Hayek's ideas lead to an understanding of the business firm as a process, which comes very close to some of the core notions of the evolutionary theory of the firm, while they still view the firm as the outcome of a contract among asset owners. First of all, we put forth a simple conceptual schema in order to differentiate between contracts that lead to the formation of an organization and ordinary market contracts. We then explore the conditions for an understanding of the firm as a set of interconnected processes, rather than as an end state. Finally, we introduce the concept of purposeful direction as an important condition for the existence of the firm and we show the history-contingent character of the firm's growth.     

Do You See What I Mean? An Entrepreneurship Perspective on the Nature and Boundaries of the Firm

abstract In answering the questions ‘why does the firm exist?’ and ‘what determines its boundaries?’, established theories of the firm have focused on boundary choice in a context of relatively easily identified and evaluated alternatives. This paper starts by asking the kindred question ‘why does the firm come into existence?’, shifting attention to the circumstances and choices surrounding new firm formation and the exploitation of new and untried business ideas. It proceeds to delineate an entrepreneurship perspective on the nature and boundaries of the firm, where boundary decisions are driven by the difficulty of implementing new, subjective means–ends frameworks in sometimes very unreceptive markets. A set of propositions developing the concepts of cognitive incongruence and cognitive incompleteness suggests that activities are internalized when other market participants are unable to accept or understand the entrepreneur's subjectively perceived means–ends framework. In conclusion, the paper supports the development of theory that explains choice of modes of action based on subjective world views and the emerging notion of a distinctive entrepreneurship‐based theory of the firm.     

The Multiple Boundaries of the Firm*

ABSTRACT The notion of firm boundaries has received considerable attention in theories of the firm that address the problems of investment incentives and mitigation of hold‐up problems. In this paper we attempt to develop a different approach to the problem of vertical firm boundaries, based on recent advances in the capabilities view of the firm. Our arguments rely on the pioneering insights of Penrose, Richardson and Loasby to elaborate a view of the boundaries determined by the interaction of the firm's direct and indirect capabilities with other actors. We develop the notion of indirect capabilities to highlight how firm boundaries respond to the distribution of capabilities in the economy as well as the modes of access to complementary and external capabilities. We conclude that the evolution of firm boundaries must be understood in the context of decisions on how the firm relates to other actors in its environment.     

The emergence of career boundaries in unbounded industries: career odysseys in the Italian New Economy

The main objective of this research1 was to study boundaries to the ‘boundaryless career’ in a novel context. Our empirical study focused on career paths leading top managers to enter emergent firms. We collected data on professional histories of a sample of top managers who operated in firms listed at the ‘Nuovo Mercato’ (New Market), the Italian equivalent of the NASDAQ. We demonstrate the existence of two major kinds of boundaries: competence-based (in the form of industry boundaries) and relation-based (in the form of professional network boundaries). A second objective of our research was to identify dominant individual career logics and to connect different career logics to the boundaryless career concept. Our data reveal the dominance of the evolutionary career logic.     

“人为为人”思想的制度实践——丰田汽车的交易关系

企业成长是通过企业的竞争力来实现的。企业之间的交易关系是提高竞争力的最主要要素之一。东方管理理论的核心思想一“人为为人”提出了在处理企业之间的关系时要以长期协作的视角来考虑价格的作用。其理性的利他行为是按照自身的价值准则行事，不被外在力量所左右的思想在丰田汽车公司和零部件企业交易关系中得到了很好的体现。丰田汽车公司和零部件企业交易关系被称为“中间组织”。丰田汽车公司和零部件企业之间通过维持长期交易习惯并建立了技术调整、人员调整、资金调整以及定购价格和数量调整等机制，创造出丰田生产方式（TPS），提高了竞争力。     

Incentive Pay and Firm Performance: Moderating Roles of Procedural Justice Climate and Environmental Turbulence

In connection with the literature on strategic reward and agency theory, this study investigates the effects of incentive pay on employee outcomes and firm performance. We identify employee outcomes, such as commitment and competence, as mediating processes that explain the effects of incentive pay on firm performance. We further propose procedural justice climate and environmental turbulence as boundary conditions that determine the strength of the effects of incentive pay on employee outcomes. The research model is tested using multisource data collected at three time points over a five‐year period from 227 Korean companies. Our analysis confirmed that incentive pay enhanced employee commitment and competence, which, in turn, improved the operational and financial performances of firms. The effect of incentive pay on employee commitment was negative for firms with a low procedural justice climate, but positive for firms operated under a highly turbulent environment. By contrast, the effect of incentive pay on employee competence was positive only for firms operated under a stable environment. This study enriches the literature by presenting and validating plausible underlying mechanisms and boundary conditions under which strategic performance–contingent incentive pay affects firm performance. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

On the use of risk analysis for the evaluation of industrial R&D expenditures

This paper focuses on a particular aspect of the R&D decision process, i.e. the screening of alternative projects at the firm level. A review of the traditional methods of risk analysis, based on two-parameter measures of risk and return, strongly suggests that they are unable to capture the essential skewed nature of R&D decisions due to the underlying assumption of normal distributions. Fortunately, the availability of alternative models based on ‘distribution free’ methods has significantly increased our ability to evaluate highly skewed returns. This paper sets out, in some detail, the case of using one such model, the stochastic dominance paradigm, to screen R&D proposals.