老年经济学与老龄化经济学

作为新兴的经济学分支学科,老年经济学和老龄化经济学还有一些基础理论方面的问题需要研究.老年经济学和老龄化经济学是两个彼此独立又相互联系的经济学分支学科,它们彼此之间在研究对象、研究内容、基本假设和原则,以及理论支持体系等方面都存在着差别.对这些差别的认识将有助于我们对老年经济学和老龄化经济学分析的深入.     

老龄化背景下保定市老年贫困人口社会救助研究

老年人是贫困发生率较高的一个特殊群体。面对迅速发展的现代社会,老年人口的适应和调整能力较弱,加之我国现阶段社会财富分配不均和养老体系不完善,使其更容易沦为贫困阶层。老龄化背景下老年贫困成为一个突出且迫切需要关注和解决的问题。据此,运用文献资料法对保定市老年贫困人口社会救助问题进行整理分析,研究发现现有救助标准并未满足贫困老年人的生活需求,政策落实不到位及救助体系不完善制约了对贫困老年人的社会救助。对此提出相应建议。     

新老年抚养比调整指数视角下的中日韩老龄化比较研究

基于一种考虑老年人健康状况和劳动力教育水平的新老年抚养比指数方法,对中国、日本和韩国的老龄化问题做了全面的比较分析.研究表明,与日本和韩国相比,中国的人口老龄化在步入老龄化社会的初期并没有日本和韩国那么严重,但是老年人口系数的增速即老龄化的速度越来越快,呈现出更加快速老龄化的特点;从新老年抚养比指数的角度看,在考虑教育和健康因素后,日本和韩国养老负担的下降比中国多,这说明中国老龄化实际带来的养老负担比日本和韩国更重,也意味着如果不综合考虑教育和健康方面的因素,传统老年抚养比指数可能会低估老龄化对发展中国家带来的影响;从劳动力的教育水平来看,中国在高等教育普及上取得了较大的成就,但劳动力整体受教育水平与日本和韩国相比仍然有较大的差距.中国加快普及高等教育将会成为应对人口老龄化的一项有效措施.     

“积极老龄化”视角下泰安市老年养生旅游产品开发研究

伴随着老龄化社会的到来以及其养生需求的增加,老年人养生旅游的发展成为必然,泰安作为旅游城市环境优美、设施完备,成为发展老年养生旅游的理想之地。本文首先对泰安市发展老年养生旅游的条件进行分析,利用"积极老龄化"理论指导老年养生旅游,并设计了泰安市老年养生旅游具体产品,为泰安市今后老年养生旅游的全面开展具有借鉴意义。     

老年人力资源开发与对策研究

随着我国老年人口的迅速增加,人口老龄化时代的到来,老年人问题日渐凸显其重要性和严峻性。本文试从老年人力资源开发的内涵、可行性、影响因素和对策研究等方面入手,探讨分析老年人力资源开发与利用问题。     

论中国老年人力资源开发

中国是世界上人口数量最多的国家,快速增长的人口给中国的社会经济发展带来了巨大压力,控制人口数量一直是我国的人口政策的重点之一。然而中国还没从控制人口数量的压力中逃脱出来,另一个挑战——人口老龄化又接踵而来。这个挑战同样会给整个社会经济发展带来巨大的影响,而且这种变化对社会经济的影响远比人口数量的增长给社会经济带来的影响要复杂得多。本文就应对老龄化的挑战提出了一个"开发老年人力资源"的观点,并且就其进行了必要性和可行性分析。     

电视广告老年人形象与老年关怀探讨

在人口老龄化的社会背景下,大众传媒对老年形象的展现越来越受到关注。电视广告作为受众不可避免的媒体体验,所呈现的老年形象影响着受众对老年人的看法和态度,更影响着老年群体的认知和心理状态,进而产生更广泛的社会影响。老龄化和广告媒介作为文化现象如今都已经受到社会和学者的关注,但对广告中的老年形象研究在中国尚在起步阶段。本文试图通过对美国相关研究成果的类比分析,结合中国的国情对这一领域进行量化的实证性研究分析,探讨中国电视广告中的老年人形象。并通过相关研究探究中美在相关问题上存在的缺陷,为我国今后的相关研究特别是老龄化社会状态下的老年关怀问题提供参考。     

做好老年人管理工作是应对老龄化社会的保障

2011年第六次全国人口普查显示,60岁及以上人口占全国总人口的13.26%,比2000年上升1.91个百分点,这意味着我国老龄化进程正在逐步加快。依照国际标准,我国已经步入老龄化社会。因此,必须加强对新形势下做好老年工作的重要性和必要性的认识;努力提高老年工作者的素质;并采取相应的措施和办法,切实把这项工作做好。     

上海市少子老龄化与可持续发展

在概述21世纪上半叶上海市户籍少子老龄化主要特点的基础上,从实施可持续发展战略高度,建议探讨充分发挥少子老龄化的正面效应,尽可能把负面效应转化为正面效应的政策措施;采取既有利于更多吸纳年轻人才,又不使未来老龄化水平过高的替代性人口流迁战略;制定既不使未来中国总人口过多,又有利干减缓老龄问题的现行生育政策调整方案;寻求既不会加重失业问题,又有利于减缓城镇职工基本养老保险基金压力的推迟职工退休年龄的最佳时机;切实推进以“终身保健”为基础、大病保障为重点的医疗卫生服务体系;不断完善以居家养老为主,按适度比例加快养老设施发展的生活照料体系。     

上海市少子老龄化与可持续发展

在概述21世纪上半叶上海市户籍少子老龄化主要特点的基础上,从实施可持续发展战略高度,建议探讨充分发挥少子老龄化的正面效应,尽可能把负面效应转化为正面效应的政策措施;采取既有利于更多吸纳年轻人才,又不使未来老龄化水平过高的替代性人口流迁战略;制定既不使未来中国总人口过多,又有利干减缓老龄问题的现行生育政策调整方案;寻求既不会加重失业问题,又有利于减缓城镇职工基本养老保险基金压力的推迟职工退休年龄的最佳时机;切实推进以"终身保健"为基础、大病保障为重点的医疗卫生服务体系;不断完善以居家养老为主,按适度比例加快养老设施发展的生活照料体系.     

Ageing and entrepreneurial preferences

Previous research on age and entrepreneurship assumed homogeneity and downplayed age-related differences in the motives and aims underlying enterprising behaviour. We argue that the heterogeneity of entrepreneurship influences how the level of entrepreneurial activity varies with age. Using a sample of 2,566 respondents from 27 European countries, we show that entrepreneurial activity increases almost linearly with age for individuals who prefer to only employ themselves (self-employers), whereas it increases up to a critical threshold age (late 40s) and decreases thereafter for those who aspire to hire workers (owner-managers). Age has a considerably smaller effect on entrepreneurial behaviour for those who do not prefer self-employment but are pushed into it by lack of alternative employment opportunities (reluctant entrepreneurs). Our results question the conventional wisdom that entrepreneurial activity declines with age and suggest that effective responses to demographic changes require policy makers to pay close attention to the heterogeneity of entrepreneurial preferences.     

Ageing in Europe

For many people all over Europe, there is an understanding and an expectation that in old age they will be taken care of by the state. High social security contributions throughout the three or four decades of a working life are rationalised by the prospect of a straightforward transition out of the labour force when the time comes. While this was a reasonable expectation in decades past, a number of factors have combined to cause people all across the continent to feel very anxious about what awaits them once it is time to exit the labour force into retirement. The well-documented demographic transition of many rich European countries is a big factor, as greying populations start to weigh on the sparser younger generations, leading to increasing dependency ratios that would cause any social security system to buckle. The Great Recession has not helped matters, and the austerity measures still crippling many vulnerable European nations will not make anyone in these countries feel optimistic about their post-working lives. The following papers look at different threads of the new reality of ageing in Europe, from pension reform and prolonging the working life to more qualitative aspects such as an analysis of the quality of life of the elderly across Europe. They serve to inform and advise on an important issue that will affect everyone in Europe at some point in their lives.     

Ageing,retirement and pension reforms

The gist of this paper is that the financial problems of pensions arise not only from the ageing of the population but also from the progressive reduction of the retirement age. It shows that social security systems explain in part such a reduction and indicates why reforms encounter so many political obstacles even though they would benefit most retirees, particularly those with few resources.     

发展老龄产业,服务老年人口--第二次全国老龄产业研讨会综述

20世纪80年代以来,伴随着计划生育工作的不断深入开展,我国开始了人口老龄化的过程.2000年,我国60岁以上老年人口占总人口的比例已达到10.2%,这标志着我国已经进入了老年型国家的行列.     

发展老龄产业，服务老年人口—第二次全国老龄产业研讨会综述

20世纪 80年代以来 ,伴随着计划生育工作的不断深入开展 ,我国开始了人口老龄化的过程。 2 0 0 0年 ,我国 60岁以上老年人口占总人口的比例已达到 1 0 .2 % ,这标志着我国已经进入了老年型国家的行列。在新的世纪里 ,我国的人口老龄化过程仍将继续。据预测 ,2 0 30年 ,我国 60岁以上老年人口数量将由目前的 1 .3亿增加到 3.1亿 ,占总人口的比例提高到 2 0 .42 % ;2 0 50年 ,60岁以上老年人口数量及其在总人口中所占比例将分别达 4.68亿和 2 7.71 %。老年人口数量的急剧增长和比例的迅速提高 ,已经引起了政府和全社会的关注。江泽民同志发出…     

人口老龄化与劳动力发展规划

随着人口老龄化程度的提高和劳动力短缺问题的加重,越来越多的发达国家开始研究劳动力发展与规划问题.中国目前虽然从总体来看还没有出现劳动力短缺的问题,但是随着人口老龄化高峰的到来,劳动力规模缩小和一些劳动技能出现短缺却是必然的趋势.为了应对未来人口老龄化所带来的劳动力问题,做到未雨绸缪,有必要从现在开始启动适合中国国情的劳动力发展与规划的研究,分析在人口老龄化较高程度下劳动力在宏观和微观层面上的供求格局和变化趋势,寻求未来合理有效利用劳动力的最佳途径.     

人口老龄化与劳动力发展规划

随着人口老龄化程度的提高和劳动力短缺问题的加重,越来越多的发达国家开始研究劳动力发展与规划问题。中国目前虽然从总体来看还没有出现劳动力短缺的问题,但是随着人口老龄化高峰的到来,劳动力规模缩小和一些劳动技能出现短缺却是必然的趋势。为了应对未来人口老龄化所带来的劳动力问题,做到未雨绸缪,有必要从现在开始启动适合中国国情的劳动力发展与规划的研究,分析在人口老龄化较高程度下劳动力在宏观和微观层面上的供求格局和变化趋势,寻求未来合理有效利用劳动力的最佳途径。     

Economics and ethics

Business theory and management practices are outgrowths of basic economic principles. To evaluate the proper place of ethics in business, the meaning of ethics as defined by economic theory must be assessed. This paper contends that classical economic thought advocates a nonethical decision-making context and is not functional for a modern complex, interdependent environment. Bernard J. Reilly, Professor of Management and Health Policy, came to Widener in September of 1980. Since coming to Widener he has published and presented over 90 professional papers in the fields of management and health administration, in such journals as Academy of Management Review, Inquiry, Journal of Health Politics Policy and Law, Human Relations, Hospital and Health Services Administration, Social Science and Medicine, Personnel, etc., and at several national conferences on organizational behavior and health policy. He is presently working on two books, the first on modern management principles, and the second on corporate business ethics. Recently, Dr. Reilly was awarded the Christian R. and Mary K. Lindback Foundation Award for distinguished teaching. Forthcoming articles will appear in Business and Professional Ethics Journal and Technology Management. Myroslaw J. Kyj, Associate Professor of Marketing at Widener University, has been involved in the research areas of the use of customer service in competition, pre-conditions for marketing channels and the inter-play between marketing, ethics, and social responsibility. Dr. Kyj has recently published several articles in such journals as Industrial Marketing Management, International Journal of Physical Distribution and Marketing, Journal of Services Marketing, Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing, and a forthcoming article in Business Horizons.     

Culture and Economics

The question of how far it is necessary to include cultural factors in the analysis of economic processes has become topical again in recent years. The first contribution to this Forum introduces a cultural approach to economics. This is followed by an article that examines the transition processes in central and eastern Europe from an econocultural perspective. The next article deals with the concept of a country-specific national tax culture and its implications for tax policy, especially in the context of transformation processes. The final paper discusses Turkey’s economic culture and its possible impact on the country’s integration into the European Union. * This outline is in its main parts the result of cooperation with Bernd Remmele and Joachim Zweynert. The author wishes to express his indebtness to Inga Fuchs for central insights on this subject, and to Michael Wohlgemuth, who helped to finish this paper in a short period of time. ** This article originates in a research project on the historical and cultural path dependence of the transition processes in Central and Eastern Europe (with special focus on the Baltic Sea region). The project is carried out jointly by the Hamburg Institute of International Economics and the University of Hamburg and funded by the VolkswagenStiftung.