基于两维的集群供应链技术创新行为演化分析

集群供应链技术创新行为实质上是一个多维度的动态演化发展过程.本文分别建立了集群供应链横向同质性企业群体和纵向异质性企业群体创新合作的演化博弈模型,分析了不同维度下的集群供应链技术创新行为的演化路径和影响因素.研究结果表明:基于横向和纵向两个不同维度的集群供应链技术创新行为的演化结果主要受创新合作收益、创新投入成本、补偿收益和创新网络收益4个要素的影响;最后根据研究结果,给出了相关政策建议.     

我国区域技术创新体系构建的现状及其制约因素分析

我国许多地区的区域技术创新体系建设由于社会资本的缺乏导致科研和生产脱节、中小企业无能力开展技术创新、大学园区不能充分发挥技术创新带动作用。社会资本为区域技术创新体系的构建提供了新的研究方向,只有不断丰富社会资本,完善信任机制和互惠规范、增强组织间与个人间的信任程度、发育区域技术创新网络才能加快区域技术创新。因此,基于社会资本的区域技术创新体系的构建关键在于建立一种制度和网络体系,形成企业、大学科研机构、地方政府和中介机构之间的互惠、互动与合作。     

PPP项目资本合作网络:理论模型和案例分析

私人投资者是PPP项目公司的股权投资者,其之间是退出门槛较高的长期资本合作。本文基于社会网络分析方法,提出了PPP项目资本合作网络的理论模型,以2014~2019年财政部PPP项目库中执行阶段项目的数据为基础,构建了私人投资者资本合作网络,对网络基本特征、最大合作集群和节点的中心性进行了分析。研究结果表明:(1)私人投资者之间的资本合作已形成了社会网络,且网络规模仍将继续增长;(2)总体来看,最大合作集群的平均度随时间的演化而减小、平均路径长度随时间的演化而增加;(3)最大合作集群在一定程度上表现出金融机构中心性。     

企业合作创新博弈中复杂性与演化均衡稳定性分析

合作博弈具有有限理性、自主性、动态性、经济性等特点,针对当前合作博弈研究中完全信息、静态决策和理性决策等的局限性,文章运用演化博弈理论方法,构建了基于信任治理的演化博弈均衡模型,分析了参与博弈主体的动态演变过程。研究结果表明,网络信任治理状况的演化方向与双方博弈的支付矩阵相关,同时与系统初始状态相关。并得出监督成本、处罚力度,以及企业的社会责任是影响合作信任治理状况演变的关键因素。     

“朋友圈”优势、内群体条件与互联网创业——基于整合社会认同与嵌入理论的新视角北大核心CSSCI

互联网创业条件下涌现了一系列依靠"朋友圈"来获得创业优势的案例,但同时存在创业者具有高水平社交关系却在创业项目上遭受失败的情况。仅仅基于社会嵌入理论来对创业者的社会网络作用开展研究,难以对上述现象作出有效的解释,互联网创业对与创业社会网络相关的管理学理论提出了新的挑战。本文利用数据挖掘技术生成截面数据库,通过将社会认同理论融入社会嵌入理论的框架中,在创业者社会网络特性之外引入创业者内群体条件这一新变量,对社会网络在互联网创业中的作用进行实证研究,发现创业者的社会网络水平在提升创业业绩的过程中受到其内群体条件的影响,从而有效地解释了在相似的创业者"朋友圈"条件下创业业绩存在差异的原因,打开了现有研究忽视创业者与其社会网络成员之间的差异可能对创业业绩产生影响的"理论黑箱"。据此,本文基于创业者的社会网络特性及内群体条件,提出了创业业绩表现的2×2矩阵,并得出如下管理启示:创业者应注意推动包括教育水平、创业经验在内的社会网络特性与内群体条件的协调发展,在改善社会网络特性的同时,努力在社会网络中获得内群体认同。     

农业经营组织演化的经济学解释

对农业经营组织演化的经济学机理进行了系统梳理和分析。研究表明：农业生产特性使得公司化和集体化模式面临高监督和组织协调成本,中国农村土地安排的社会保障功能,使得农业家庭经营具有一定的合理性。然而,农业家庭经营本身难以克服农业资本和技术服务约束、市场准入困难和市场风险威胁,农业经营正在经历一个组织化的过程。“公司＋农户”在克服市场进入障碍和降低市场风险的同时,面临着由于合同不完全性、不公平性和机会主义导致的合约不稳定窘境;农户合作社通过农户之间的合作,能够克服农户资本和技术服务农业生产约束,通过组织化农户与企业签定合约,提升了契约稳定性,但传统的农户合作存在“搭便车”等内在缺陷,限制了服务的规模,必须进行内部制度创新,向新一代合作社演化。农业经营的外部环境和内在技术变化,必然会引起农业组织本身的变化,农业经营组织演化的经济因素和演化方向,是值得进一步关注的问题。     

产业间平台合作下的双边定价机制研究——基于对固有收益影响的分析

本文以近期日益增多的产业间平台企业合作为背景,针对合作后平台用户固有收益水平提高这一特征,构建了双寡头竞争模型,以此分析合作对平台定价的影响。研究发现,随着合作平台上用户固有收益水平的提高,该平台将提高产生较弱网络外部性的一边用户的定价,而对另一边用户的定价则必须视平台双边用户交叉网络外部性大小差异而定。不仅如此,合作还增加了该平台上双边用户定价的非对称程度。对与之竞争的非合作平台而言,双边用户的定价则恰恰相反。研究还表明,合作可能提高合作平台的利润水平,增加消费者总剩余和社会总福利。这启示规制机构在对双边平台合作进行规制时要特别谨慎,切忌过度干预。     

产业间平台合作下的双边定价机制研究——基于对固有收益影响的分析北大核心CSSCI

本文以近期日益增多的产业间平台企业合作为背景,针对合作后平台用户固有收益水平提高这一特征,构建了双寡头竞争模型,以此分析合作对平台定价的影响。研究发现,随着合作平台上用户固有收益水平的提高,该平台将提高产生较弱网络外部性的一边用户的定价,而对另一边用户的定价则必须视平台双边用户交叉网络外部性大小差异而定。不仅如此,合作还增加了该平台上双边用户定价的非对称程度。对与之竞争的非合作平台而言,双边用户的定价则恰恰相反。研究还表明,合作可能提高合作平台的利润水平,增加消费者总剩余和社会总福利。这启示规制机构在对双边平台合作进行规制时要特别谨慎,切忌过度干预。     

“小”企业成长之道

<正>当前,中小企业在世界各区域经济与社会发展稳定中凸显出更重要的战略地位,成为各国政府普遍关注的特殊群体,也被称为"强位弱势"群体。所谓"强位"是指中小企业在区域经济和社会发展中,具有重要的战略地位。有关统计资料表明,目前,我国工商注册企业中,中小企业占了99%,其产值和利润分别约占60%和     

虚拟合作竞争:机理、系统模型及实证研究

在网络经济环境下,传统的竞争范式已不适应,一种新的竞争范式——虚拟合作竞争应运而生。本文在有关研究的基础上,对虚拟合作竞争的内涵、特征、主体、客体、市场、虚拟合作关系和虚拟竞争关系进行了较系统地探索性研究,提出了由客户、供应商、互惠者、协力者、替代者、潜在进入者、竞争者7种力量,以及它们相互间基于网络化信息系统所形成的3种虚拟合作关系,以及3种虚拟竞争关系所构成的虚拟合作竞争模型,并以利丰公司为例进行了实证。     

Favor prevalence in emerging markets: A multi-level analysis

Favors are a medium of exchange for social capital. Social capital creates social, political, and economic benefits for individuals, organizations, communities, and societies around the world. Favors promote cooperation between individuals and are used to bond individual actors with other individuals, groups, communities, and institutions. Favors are prevalent in business in emerging markets because of the presence of institutional voids, limited social and geographic mobility, and strong reciprocity norms. Favors create benefits and liabilities for business organizations and their networks. They produce outcomes beyond the favor exchange process that can be characterized as productive or perverse. Despite their prevalence and importance, favors and their dynamics are not well understood. We explore the antecedents, content, process, and consequences of favors. We conclude our multi-level analysis of favors with a discussion of the “breakeven” point for favors—the point where favors tip from having a positive effect to having a negative effect on organization performance. We present an integrated framework to explain the dynamics of favors in emerging market business contexts, and develop propositions to guide future research.     

Should You Really Produce What Consumers Like Online? Empirical Evidence for Reciprocal Voting in Open Innovation Contests

In open innovation, firms increasingly rely on online consumer votes to evaluate ideas for new products and services. Votes can represent cost‐effective external information about idea quality that can inform and facilitate a firm's task of evaluating and screening of ideas at the early stages of the innovation process. Challenging this perception, we proposed that consumer votes provided in open innovation contests can be socially biased by reciprocal voting. On the basis of theories related to cooperation and social influence, we argued that both gregarious consumers (those who solicit social ties) and consumers who initiate direct reciprocity (those who vote for others) signal a willingness to cooperate that stimulates reciprocal voting from peers. We empirically investigated consumer voting behavior using a unique dataset with information obtained from actual open innovation contests in which consumers could submit their own ideas and see and vote for the ideas of others. We found that both gregariousness and the initiation of direct reciprocity positively influence votes received. Such cooperation pays off for consumers because firms indeed use votes to inform internal idea evaluations. We also found, however, that the votes an idea receives during an innovation contest cannot significantly explain its later revealed quality. Reciprocity may be an effective form of cooperation among consumers, but it has potentially negative implications for firms' evaluations. Our results also indicated that beyond reciprocity, consumers and firms value different types of ideas, which further differentiates their evaluations. Thus, firms should not only be aware of social biases in votes but also account for the diverging idea preferences of customers.     

农民工返乡生存状态及其就业保障网研究

由于深受金融危机的影响,返乡农民工处于家庭生活贫困化、社会保障权益缺失、就业状况边缘化的境地。要改变其这种受排斥、受剥夺的现状,重获职业地位,应该构建一个为返乡农民工提供物质、行为、精神等支持的就业保障网,包括正式就业保障网（政府主导失业预防、失业补救和失业保险政策、社会保障制度健全）和非正式就业保障网（社会团体合作参与、社会工作者提供专业化服务及关系网资源有效利用）。     

Managing the Inter-Firm Cooperation Process: Exploratory Case Studies of Hong Kong Architects and Contractors

Researchers have suggested that both the contract and the process of inter-firm cooperation are important for its success. However, empirical knowledge of the inter-firm cooperation process is very limited. Drawing on extant literature on cooperation and competition and social exchange theory, we propose an action pattern model which describes the cooperating process in a parsimonious and systematic way. Twelve case studies were conducted on architect-contractor cooperation dyads in Hong Kong to explore the cooperation process using the lens of the action pattern model. Results gave rich anecdotal accounts of the three key parameters of the model: action acquiescence as a lubricant to deal with unspecified contractual situations, action simplicity as a signaling device to partners, and action reciprocity as a reward and punishment tactic. The implications of the action pattern model are discussed.     

绿色发展评价指标体系研究综述

在国际金融危机和全球气候变化的双重挑战下,世界经济开始步入到了一个前所未有的大转型时期。绿色发展作为一种新的经济发展模式应运而生,已成为世界性的潮流和趋势,并深刻影响着各国的经济和社会发展进程及其竞争格局演变。本文围绕绿色国民经济核算体系、绿色发展多指标测度体系和绿色发展综合指数３个方面,对国内外相关文献进行系统梳理,总结了国际社会在指标评价体系上的研究进展,并指出在理论框架和方法体系等方面遇到的严峻挑战,最后结合国内实际情况,对我国未来的研究方向提出展望。     

Food sharing,redistribution, and waste reduction via mobile applications: A social network analysis

Food sharing mobile applications are becoming increasingly popular, but little is known about the new social configurations of people using them, particularly those applications that use consumers as voluntary intermediaries in supply chains. This article presents a social network analysis of a food sharing mobile application conducted in partnership with OLIO. The study focuses on longitudinal social network data from 54,913 instances of food sharing between 9054 people and was collected over 10 months. The results challenge existing theories of food sharing (reciprocity, kin selection, tolerated scrounging, and costly signalling) as inadequate by showing that donor-recipient reciprocity and balance are rare, but also show that genuinely novel social relations have formed between organisations and consumers which depart from traditional linear supply chains. The findings have significant implications for managers and policymakers aiming to encourage, measure and understand technology-assisted food sharing practices.     

Developing a model of reciprocity in the importer-exporter relationship: The relative efficacy of economic versus social factors

This study develops and tests empirically a model of reciprocity in the importer-exporter relationship from an importer's perspective. A conceptual model with two distinct paths to reciprocity is proposed with a set of economic and social factors that influence an importer's reciprocity in its relationship with foreign exporters. The model is tested with a sample of 200 importers who have purchased industrial products from foreign exporters. The results indicate that reciprocity in the importer-exporter relationship is more heavily influenced by economic factors than by social factors. Theoretical and managerial implications of this study are discussed.     

Risk management system in business relationships—Polish case studies

The article discusses the problem of risk management in business relationships. The authors' research (including a case study analysis of 5 different relations) enabled them to identify and characterize the risk management systems based on a combination of formal control and relational mechanisms. In the authors' research it has been assumed that relational risk has a negative influence on the cooperation results and therefore it should be a subject of management. The main objective is not to avoid taking risk in relationships, but to reduce it to the minimum possible level. Companies' cooperation, including partnerships with different entities and participation in business networks, is an immanent characteristic of contemporary business. Therefore managers should look for the most efficient methods of dealing with additional relational risk and opportunistic behavior of potential partners.In the paper the case study analysis of five relationships of companies operating on Polish market was presented. The main objective was to demonstrate the relation between the level of trust and the intensity of formal control (including contract and formal monitoring). The range of social control applied in analyzed relationships was also an important issue of consideration.The research presented in the paper indicated that companies located in Poland in order to reduce relational risk aimed at diversification of its partners or full integration. Managers often underlined their fear of being dependent on one particular partner. This phenomenon could comprehensively decrease the advantages of intensive and deepened inter-organizational cooperation in Poland. Furthermore, the research demonstrated the decisive role of relational mechanisms and limited significance of contract in business relationship risk management. However, relatively higher importance of contract was observed in unbalanced relations between partners representing diverse bargaining power. A positive relationship between application of relational tools and cooperation results was identified as well.The aim of the paper is to demonstrate the nature of the relationship risk management system and the role of particular mechanisms that enable to reduce risk and its negative influence on cooperation results.     

Who is telecaring whom? Exploring the total social organisation of care work in an Italian municipality

Telecare’ refers to the use of digital or information and communication technologies (ICTs) to facilitate health and social care delivery to individuals in their homes. This article explores the phenomenon by foregrounding its interconnections with work activities, paid and unpaid. It draws on research as a part of the design and deployment of a set of telecare innovations for older people in an Italian municipality. The project was conceived at the outset in terms of formal inter‐ relationships between functions and components of technical systems. Technical setbacks, however, were resolved only by enrolling the active support of groups and individuals (including civil society organisations and older people). By situating a telecare intervention conceptually within the ‘total social organisation of labour’ (TSOL), we provide an analysis that contributes to understanding how a socio‐technical infrastructural approach to telecare reveals ways to improve our understanding of how formal and informal care systems interact.