调节居民收入分配差距的财税视角分析

本文基于我国居民收入分配差距拉大的现实，分析了我国居民收入差距拉大的财税成因，提出了强化财税对居民收入分配差距调节功能的对策思路。     

收入逆向分配与财税制度完善

税收和转移支付是政府对收入进行再分配,实现"调富济贫"的重要政策工具。我国现阶段的财税制度安排仍然存在缺陷,造成对收入再分配作用的微弱、失灵甚至产生了收入逆向分配。因此,必须深化财税制度改革,弥补财税制度缺陷,实现收入和财富的公平分配。     

和谐社会居民收入差距财税调节机制的构建

经过30多年的改革开放,我国经济得到了快速发展。但在城乡居民收入水平大幅度提高的同时,居民收入的差距逐步扩大,社会分配不公问题日趋严重。税收的主要功能就在于调节收入差距,但由于现有财税机制的缺陷,使其调节功能没有得到有效发挥。在目前我国贫富差距日益加剧的情况下,构建调节收入公平分配的财税机制,对缩小贫富差距、促进和谐社会的发展具有重要的现实意义。     

试析我国收入分配困局及财税对策

在民生问题越来越被全社会广泛关注,在居民收入差距日益悬殊的今天,如何实现公平收入分配,构建和谐社会,实现共同富裕已经成为当前我国经济体制改革中着力解决的重大问题.在描述我国当前收入分配现状的基础上,文章提出了利用财税政策缓解我国当前收入分配的困局的思路.     

论教育对缩小居民收入差距的作用

居民收入差距与教育差距具有循环作用效应,教育对调节居民收入差距有着广泛的作用空间。在先赋资源无法改变的情况下,建立收入起点公平上的教育制度,实施教育均衡发展战略,可以提高低收入阶层及其子女获取收入的能力,进而从源头上缩小居民收入差距。     

构建现代财税金融体制对优化收入分配格局的启示与意义

现代财税金融体制在高质量发展的背景下产生,是中国特色社会主义市场经济体制的重要组成部分,体现了以人民为中心的发展理念,是实现共同富裕目标的重要制度保障,在优化收入分配格局上具有重要意义.在充分认识我国收入分配现状和制度演进规律的基础上,可以通过完善转移支付、社会保障等税收和财政支出政策,发展现代普惠金融制度和推动包容性技术进步等机制,推动要素市场改革完善初次分配、财税金融制度改革等再分配措施,以及鼓励慈善事业发展第三次分配,来实现收入分配格局的优化.面对世界百年未有之大变局和新发展阶段的目标,构建现代财税金融体制以优化收入分配格局的重点方向在于:实现财税制度和金融制度的有机融合,充分发挥金融在缩小收入差距中的作用,优化税制结构、健全直接税体系,并通过推进教育资源均等化等方式促进机会公平.     

外国农业财税政策对我国财政支农的启示

影响我国农业发展的因素很多 ,立足于财税政策的角度 ,借鉴国外农业财税政策和制度 ,完善我国的财政政策和改革我国的税收制度 ,使之公平、合理、有效 ,以促进我国农业经济发展     

我国个税改革中的问题及解决措施

个人所得税是一国财政税收的主要来源之一,也是政府调控本国居民收入分配的重要工具,其制度设计是否合理,覆盖面是否足够,影响着国家财政收入和居民收入分配的公平程度。新的个税方案出台后,我国居民收入差距的问题得到缓解,但是仍然存在很多问题,本文就如何解决这些问题提出自己的见解。     

长株潭两型社会建设的财税法制对策研究

财税政策是国家对经济进行宏观调控的重要手段。长株潭城市群在获批为＂资源节约型与环境友好型社会＂建设综合配套改革试验区以后,该地区在财税制度方面也迅速做出了一些应对之策。但由于现行财税制度方面存在财政投入不足、调节手段单一及财税制度缺乏整体协调性、循环经济理念及绿色税收理念不强等局限性,因而难以两型社会建设发挥有效的促进作用。要想在长株潭城市群闯出一条发展循环经济建设两型社会的发展道路,我们一定要以＂敢为人先＂的湖湘精神,以循环经济绿色税收等理念作导向,努力克服现行财税制度中的制约因素及制度障碍,积极试验大胆创新,并在财政税收方面提出了一些创新性建议。     

调整中国收入分配差距的财税政策选择

当前,中国收入分配状况从不同视角来考量都存在着巨大的差距,具体表现在城乡、地区、行业问的收入差距不断扩大。概述中国收入分配现状,分析形成收入差距过大的原因,从财税政策入手,找出现行财税制度所存在的不合理之处,从公平收入分配的角度出发,通过完善个人所得税、健全社会保障体系以及完善转移支付制度作为中国调整收入分配差距的财税政策选择。     

Taxation of International Private Capital Flows and Securities Transactions in Developing Countries: Do Public Finance Considerations Augment the Macroeconomic Dividends?

This paper examines policies to tax international private capital flows and securities transactions in developing countries. Many recent studies focus on the macroeconomic dividends associated with these policies (namely, their contribution to macroeconomic and financial stability and lengthened investor time horizons). In this paper I explore whether the potential of these policies to raise much‐needed tax revenues in developing countries augments their well‐known macroeconomic benefits. To my knowledge, there has been no effort to examine systematically the public finance issues related to the taxation of international private capital flows or securities transactions in the developing country context. I conclude that the public finance implications of these policies in middle‐income developing countries offers additional support to the macroeconomic case for them. To different degrees, taxation of international private capital flows and securities transactions has the potential to raise modest revenues in middle‐income countries. However, far more important is the potential of these policies to offer valuable macroeconomic dividends on the national level. These national macroeconomic dividends have the potential to bear fruit globally. This is because experiences with financial contagion over the last decade suggest that global financial stability can be enhanced via the promotion of domestic financial stability in developing countries.     

地区差距、要素流动与财政分权

本文在财政分权框架下引入不完全人口流动和内生劳动供给选择 ,针对两个不对称的地方经济 ,研究了政府的最优税收、最优公共支出和最优转移支付政策。我们发现了零中央政府收入税和逆向财政缺口 ,在有限政策工具的约束下 ,对应性转移支付也具有缩小区域差距的功能。不同级别政府间的服务竞争和税收竞争极大地影响了个人和政府的最优决策 ,拥挤效应和实际禀赋效应放大了通常意义上的收入效应水平。人口流动和财政分权提高了低生产力地区的福利 ,数值模拟分析结果表明高生产力、高禀赋地区对低生产力、低禀赋地区存在隐性的区域间收入再分配 ,中央政府的干预措施一般具有协调区域发展、补贴低生产力低禀赋地区的性质。结合我国东西部的经济现实 ,我们认为中央政府应该打破已有的利益分配格局 ,优化转移支付资金的结构 ,提高财政政策效率     

A note on optimal income taxation,public goods provision and robust mechanism design

This paper extends the model of optimal income taxation due to Mirrlees (Mirrlees, J., 1971. An exploration in the theory of optimum income taxation. Review of Economic Studies 38, 175–208) and includes private information on public goods preferences. A mechanism design approach is used to establish the following result: If policies are required to be robustly implementable in the sense of Bergemann and Morris (Bergemann, D., Morris, S., 2005. Robust mechanism design. Econometrica 73, 1771–1813), then the optimality conditions in the extended model with uncertainty about tax and expenditure policies are the same as in the standard model of optimal income taxation. The paper provides a foundation for a widely-used assumption in public finance, namely that individuals optimize their behavior subject to a predetermined and commonly known tax system.     

Monetary and fiscal policies in a heterogeneous‐agent economy

We study the effects of long‐run inflation and income taxation in an economy where households face uninsurable idiosyncratic risks. We construct a tractable competitive‐search framework that generates dispersion of prices, income and wealth. We analytically characterize the stationary equilibrium and the policy effects on individual choices. Quantitative analysis finds that monetary and fiscal policies have distinct effects on macro aggregates, such as output, savings and wealth, income and consumption inequalities. There is a hump‐shaped relationship between welfare and the respective policies. Overall, welfare is maximized by a deviation from the Friedman rule, paired with distortionary income taxation.     

THE LORENZ ORDER AND THE EFFECTS OF TAXATION POLICIES

To any finite population of n individuals with associated incomes x ₁…, x _n we can associate a Lorenz curve. By associating this population with a random variable X representing the income of a randomly chosen individual of the population, the concept of a Lorenz curve and the associated partial order (the Lorenz Order) based on nested Lorenz curves is readily extended to be defined in the class of all non-negative integrable random variables. In this context well known results on inequality attenuating and inequality rank preserving taxation policies are found to admit simple more general proofs. Some results on the effects of random taxation are also reviewed. The effects of applying different taxation policies within subpopulations lead one to consider questions regarding inequality attenuation results in mixture settings. It is observed that, more generally, inequality comparisons can be unambiguously made between any non-negative variables even if measured in dissimilar units.     

政府政策扶持、创新驱动对我国农业产业化龙头企业发展的影响——基于894家国家重点龙头企业的实证分析

利用894家我国农业产业化国家重点龙头企业的生产经营数据,对其生产经营状况进行了描述性分析。采用固定效应模型,实证分析了影响农业产业化龙头企业的主营业务销售收入、利润和带动就业能力的因素。研究结果显示:目前的财税支持政策在一定程度上促进了农业产业化龙头企业的发展,但对企业的盈利能力及竞争力的作用比较有限;技术研发与应用增强了企业发展驱动力,但由于投入大、见效慢、风险高等,因此投入增长较缓慢。最后提出了不断优化和完善财税和信贷扶持政策的建议。     

含有负所得税的最优所得税再研究

文章在借鉴已有最优线性和非线性所得税研究成果基础上,结合中国国情提出含有负所得税的最优非线性所得税模型(有缓冲地带),即修正的Mirrlees税收函数,进而得出一些与以往研究不同的结论,从而进一步发展和充实了最优所得税理论。这对于在目前我国日益扩大的收入分配差距尚未根本性扭转的背景下重新审视我国现有的税收政策,通过实施负所得税制度重构收入分配政策具有重要的参考价值和借鉴意义。     

Income distribution, borrowing constraints and redistributive policies

This paper sheds light on the relationship between income inequality and redistributive policies and provides possible guidance in the specification of empirical tests of such a relationship. We model a two-period economy where capital markets are imperfect and agents vote over the level of taxation to finance redistributive policies that enhance future productivity. In this context, we show that the pivotal voter is not necessarily the agent (class) with median income. In particular, the poor, who are more likely to be liquidity constrained, may form a coalition with the rich and vote for low redistribution. The effects of an increase in income inequality on the level of redistribution turn out to depend on whether the increase in inequality is concentrated among the poor or the middle class. Empirical results from a panel of 22 OECD countries provide preliminary evidence consistent with our main theoretical implications.     

浅议个人所得税改革的政治经济学因素

传统的税收理论把个人所得税划分为综合、分类和混合税制三种类型。我国理论界在个人所得税效率和公平的认识上也存在误区：一方面认为分类税制征管方便,成本低;另一方面认为分类税制可以区别征税,能更好地处理公平问题。事实上,个人所得税从是否分类和是否累进征税两个维度可以划分为四种类型。从征管效率看,综合税制要优于分类税制,比例税制要优于累进税制;从公平角度看,综合税制也更符合市场经济公平竞争的精神。所以,我国的个人所得税的改革方向应该是综合比例税制。近几年个人所得税工薪所得免征额进行了两次调整,主要是受到利益集团的影响,调整基本上与税刺改革的效率和公平目标无关。个人所得税改革的关键是要选择合适的税制类型,采取整体推进全面改革的方式。同时,改革中应该警惕利益集团的影响。     

扩大居民消费需求的财税政策取向

在国际金融危机引发中国经济波动、出口萎缩的情况下,促进消费、扩大内需,拉动经济增长,已经成为当前经济工作的首要任务。通过对我国居民消费需求现状、存在问题及现行财税体制中不利于消费需求增长的因素分析,提出了通过调整财税政策,扶持中小企业发展;增加居民可支配收入;增加财政支出中保障民生的支出;推进居民消费升级等政策建议。