旅游市场分类研究及其意义--以佛山市这例

我们在佛山市旅游研究中使用了"市场分类研究法"和"产品-需求对应分析法",对不同的旅游吸引物所对应的旅游市场进行分类调研和分类处理,发现景点旅游者市场与城市过夜旅游者市场存在着明显的差异.认识这些差异,对于分析区域旅游发展的主导旅游吸引,分析旅游需求趋势和需求预测,对确定区域旅游发展的主动力模型和旅游发展动力机制,制定产品战略和市场战略具有重要的意义.     

实景主题:民族文化旅游开发的创新模式--以桂林阳朔"锦绣漓江·刘三姐歌圩"为例

"印象·刘三姐"是世界上最大的山水实景剧场,山水实景、经典文化与高科技实现了完美的结合,堪称世界级的文化旅游项目,它集漓江山水风情、广西少数民族文化及中国精英艺术家创作之大成,是全世界第一部全新概念的"山水实景主题"民族文化旅游景区,它的开发符合民族文化旅游主题开发的RMTP理论.文章梳理"印象·刘三姐"的文脉(R),并对它的市场(M)、主题(T)的选择以及旅游产品(P)之间的关系进行诠释,最后总结了"印象·刘三姐"实景主题开发的借鉴意义和对我国民族文化旅游开发的启示.     

国内客源市场旅游目的地花费模型的构建——以西安"五一"黄金周为例

影响游客旅游目的地花费水平的因子有游客个体因子及与每次出游相关的因子.本文以西安地区"五一"黄金周国内市场的抽样调查数据为基础,利用SPSS12.0对旅游花费影响因子进行了虚拟回归分析,寻找出国内游客旅游目的地花费的显著影响因子,并构建了旅游花费模型.通过分析得出以下结论:旅游花费影响因子的作用机制不尽相同;不同旅游方式的花费水平差异明显;拓展旅游产品谱系、完善旅游目的地营销系统是提高西安国内游客旅游花费水平的主要手段.     

价值观与旅游消费行为关系研究进展与启示

价值观是影响旅游者消费心理和行为的重要因素.内隐性价值观与外显性旅游消费行为关系的研究路径可以归纳为"由内而外"(价值观→行为)和"由外而内"(行为→价值观)两种路径,不同研究路径的视角、目的和方法等存在一定差异.现有的价值观与旅游消费行为关系的研究成果,主要集中在旅游者价值观的界定和度量、旅游市场细分、旅游活动偏好、价值观对旅游消费行为影响等方面,并回顾了中国旅游者价值观研究.中国消费者价值观与旅游行为关系研究应具有中国情境化特征,理论建构要嵌入中国社会文化现实和具体消费情境,从主位研究视角发展旅游者价值观概念,将定量和质性研究方法相结合,增强价值观对旅游消费行为影响的解释力,加强对不同群体和区域消费者个人价值观与旅游行为关系的研究.价值观与旅游消费行为关系的中国情境化取向研究,有助于从价值观视角揭示中国旅游者行为的规律,为企业开展价值观驱动的旅游营销活动提供理论指导.     

云南旅游"二次创业"的市场分析和对策

本文通过对"十五"和2006年云南旅游市场发展的分析和研究,认为云南旅游市场已进入快速发展的成长期,并呈现出旅游客源市场多元化发展、旅游者消费水平不断攀高、旅游消费结构趋向合理、旅游目的地市场形成梯度、旅游市场形象更加鲜明等特点.针对云南旅游面临日趋激烈的市场竞争,云南在旅游"二次创业"发展中,必须立足自身发展的实际,抓住对内对外开放的有利时机,以旅游消费需求为导向,以培育旅游精品为重点,以旅游诚信建设为目标,以创新旅游促销为手段,以区域旅游合作为契机,以推进科技应用为动力,全面推进国际国内旅游市场的开发和拓展.     

旅游的"符号化"与符号化旅游 --对旅游及旅游开发的符号学审视

旅游的过程是一种符号化的过程.伴随着旅游的大众化和普遍化,旅游符号表象化的危机在悄然滋生并不断加剧.本文运用符号学理论对旅游活动和旅游开发的全过程进行了全面的审视,指出符号化旅游是解决旅游的"符号化"的一把钥匙.借用"前台"、"后台"理论,文章提出了旅游目的地的舞台化空间与文化保护性空间的旅游规划设计及旅游活动模式,为原生文化的演绎及保护提供了理论依据,找到了游客旅游体验及游客行为规范的模式.     

旅游目的地营销应注重发挥好三个"效应"

旅游目的地营销是一项复杂的系统工程.它是以旅游目的地区域为营销主体,代表区域内各种相关机构、所有旅游企业和全体从业人员,以一个旅游目的地的整体形象加入到旅游市场激烈的市场竞争中,并以不同方式和手段传播旅游信息,制造兴奋点,展示新形象,增强吸引力,引发消费者注意力和兴奋点的全过程.旅游目的地营销是否成功,最终取决于潜在的旅游者对旅游目的地的印象是否深刻.笔者认为,充分发挥好三个"效应",是旅游目的地营销获得成功的有效手段.     

论纳西东巴文化的历史际遇——旅游情境下的"文化自觉"反思

作为一种"文化自觉"模式,东巴文化的旅游再现既反映了全球化背景下地方性与传统的回归潮流,亦折射出地方性族群意识的复苏.本文通过考察东巴文化从学术到旅游的复兴过程,拷问东巴文化的民族文化地位,并尝试对旅游情境下的文化"再创造"与"文化自觉"做出反思.     

"旅游"与"Tourism"的概念探问——旅游者活动?旅游业?旅游学?

概念是人类在其从感性到理性的认识跨越中对事物本质的抽象与概括,因此对它的厘定就成了构建学科体系不可或缺的基石.基于概念所依托的语言载体是词或词组,所以国人在研究旅游学科和旅游业时,进一步厘清"旅游"与"tourism"等的概念,将会十分有益.文章五章,前后两章是小引和结语;其第二、三两章先后从传统词源学和认知语言学切入探问,从跨语言的比较语义学的角度,剖析了"旅游"与"tourism"的义位与构词语素,讨论了它们在不同语境下的同与不同;并在指出"tourism"所具有的"旅游者活动""旅游业""旅游学"等多重语义后,通过第四章几个视角的补充讨论,以辨清研究者不同关注的互补实质,从而为消弭误会,寻求学人共识的基础,并进而在对诸家共识的归纳中,肯定了联合国世界旅游组织《旅游统计建议》的可遵循性.文章认为,面对旅游学发展的新态势,学科进步还需认真加强基础研究才行.文章结语再次强调了以下三个方面的要点:(1)就语源学的角度看,虽然汉语不及物动词"旅游"与英语名词"tourism"是近义词,但是不同民族语言的历史渊源、当今的变化,以及有关文献分析已经证实了的,更值得国人注目的,是二者在含义、用法和使用范畴等方面的同中有异.(2)就专业用语的角度看",tourism"作为反映世界旅游发展和旅游学科进展的行业用语和学科用语,其虽与汉语日常用语"旅游"同属一个概念范畴,却不能等同于汉语中日常生活用语的"旅游";中国旅游研究者在将"旅游"作为与国际接轨的学科用语使用时,其含义的中心不应与国际用语有太多的差异.(3)从旅游研究的国际共识看,世界旅游组织的统计建议书的主要关注重心,显然是与各国政府及多数研究者在提出旅游概念时所关注的多种目的旅游活动的影响的广泛涉及相一致的,而不只是有多少人在旅游时得到了愉悦的感受.     

中国游客赴欧旅游组织机构的发展与未来任务

本文试图从全新思维角度阐明全球背景下中国出境旅游,特别是赴欧洲的出境旅游的特征.通过系统分析中国游客在不同文化情境下的旅游行为、中国游客赴欧旅游的动机和不同游客群体、中国和欧洲游客之间的知识鸿沟以及跨文化差异等基础上,提出中国与欧洲旅游组织机构的未来发展任务,并进一步指出从事中国出境游的经销商和企业应以顾客为定向,发展适合中国游客市场的旅游产品和营销战略.     

The consequences of forty years of tourism growth

Leisure travel has become a major lifestyle in the United States since World War II. This paper describes the social, economic, and technological changes that have been adopted by the industry and society during three eras of travel evolution. A synoptic view of the development of travel is provided by a review of five travel industry components: transportation, attractions, facilities and services, information, and the consumer. Emphasis is placed on the consequences of the adoption of major social and technological innovations that have impacted this vibrant industry and will continue to do so in the future. The paper concludes with eight observations on the present and future status of leisure travel in the United States.     

Liberation wars and tourism development in Africa : The case of Zambia

Development of Africa's immense tourism potential is severely limited for reasons including lack of capital, distance from the large North American and European markets, the cost of travel to Africa, and Africa's poor image abroad. A key factor contributing to this image problem is political instability. Since World War II, almost all African countries have achieved independence. In several countries, this decolonization process has taken the form of long and often bloody liberation wars. This paper examines the impact of Zimbabwe's protracted liberation war on tourism development in Zambia and suggests that a detailed examination of major internal and external political events associated with the decolonization process in Zimbabwe could provide important perspectives on the obstacles to tourism development in other African countries.     

Towards a geography of tourism

This paper traces the development of geographical interest in tourism during the past half century and examines the range and scope of the geography of tourism. The available literature is reviewed and suggestions are made regarding possible research aveneus and theoretical developments. Six major areas of interest are identified: spatial aspects of supply, spatial aspects of demand, the geography of resorts, patterns of movements and flows, the impact of tourism, and models of tourist space. Through an emphasis on spatial interaction an attempt is made to provide some cohesion and synthesis for this body of knowledge which constitutes the basis of the geography of tourism.     

The rediscovery of America: Elite automobile touring

The automobile has radically changed tourist habits this century. In the first decade it was enthusiastically embraced by a small, wealthy elite. In America this elite “rediscovered” the romantic northeastern scenery painted by the Hudson Valley School of artists. This process is documented both in the general elite tourist literature of the period and in a specific case study from an elite summer colony. In the second decade “mass followed class.” Cheaper automobiles allowed the middle classes to follow the elite tourists of the first decade. The elite began to lose interest in the automobile as something exclusive to them, and turned their attention to the possibilities for touring of aviation.     

Towards Strategic Intent: Perceptions of disability service provision amongst hotel accommodation managers

The tourism sector globally has become increasingly mindful of how an ageing population is reshaping service provision forms and offerings. This being particularly true of accommodation operations where there is a now a growing recognition of the commercial value for providing market groups with exceptional service. With this in mind, this study sought to ascertain the perceptions of managers in the accommodation sector towards disability service provision with a view to identifying any current service gaps or failings. An inductive, qualitative approach was used with the data collection phase incorporating a series of one on one interviews and a focus group. The in-depth interviews were conducted with 10 managers of hotels deemed to have accessible rooms that complied with the relevant building codes and standards. A focus group comprised 22 managers of hotels located in the Sydney central business district, Australia. Study findings revealed five key themes that had not been previously discussed in the literature. They were: inclusive attitudinal approach; safety; the responsibility of people with a disability to communicate their needs to the hotel; perceptions of accessible rooms by the general public; and operational processes. Related themes that emerged from the data analysis that had previously been aligned with the literature included: legislative responsibility, policy and building codes; disability as a market segment; staff awareness/training; and language, marketing, and promotion information. Implications with respect to management of accessible rooms in the accommodation sector are outlined and further areas of research are proposed.     

The geography of tourism: An introduction

The geography of tourism is limited by a dearth of published research in geographic journals, the relatively few individuals who actively participate in the sub-discipline, and the lack of prestige the subject matter specialty has in geography. Despite these imperfections geographers make important contributions to the study of tourism because of their unique point-of-view. This characteristic perspective is seen in the context of a conceptual frame-of-reference which consists of a matrix based on two trichotomies. An analysis and interpretation of this framework and its application to the nine substantive articles included in the special issue constitute a majority of the article.     

The promise of creative/participatory mapping practices for sport and leisure research

This paper provides an introduction to the concept of creative participatory mapping of human–environment relations. It is identified that within human geography, artistic practice and urban design, biomapping and similar community mapping tools and methodologies are increasingly being embraced. However, within sports and leisure research the concept has yet to gain academic attention. Consequently, this paper provides a basis for thinking about how researchers and research participants in the fields of sport and leisure research might benefit if mapping human–environment relations was to be embraced and integrated into research design practices. Referencing recent turns to studying space and affect within sport and leisure studies, mapping is argued to offer innovative methodological opportunities for studying how people relate to and understand the urban environments in which they practice physical activity and leisure forms of embodiment. The paper concludes by arguing that, along with offering up new avenues for conceptual research, mapping human–environment relations, if readily embraced, can go a long way to fostering community engagement in: the identification of (un)safe urban routes for sport/leisure practice (e.g. running, cycling), the development and site identification of health/physical activity initiatives and the design of urban landscapes of sport/leisure.     

Organized Youth Sport and Parenting in Public and Private Spaces

This article examines the connection of organized youth sport to cultural beliefs, values and practices of contemporary parenting ideologies, specifically the idealization of intensive mothering and involved fathering. It explores how parenting ideologies are constructed by the discourses expressed by individuals in their everyday lives through their children's sport participation. Moreover, the analysis of the parental discourse illustrates how parenting goes beyond the home environment and becomes a public act that is observed by other parents, with these observations creating the basis of what is deemed to be a good parent. Emphasis is also placed on the gendered dimensions of meeting the expectations for being a good parent.     

Leisure and the rich today: Veblen's thesis after a century

This paper calls for a revisionist reading of the thesis of the leisure class. Veblen's great work The Theory of the Leisure Class (1899) argued that society is ruled by a leisure class. The primary identifying characteristics of this class are prodigious wealth, voluntary abnegation from pecuniary labour and conspicuous consumption. Veblen's argument suggested the decomposition of the work ethic because the characteristics cultivated by the rich would be emulated by the lower orders. Schor's The Overworked American (1991) work suggests that overwork, not leisure is one of the primary identifying characteristics of postwar culture. The article uses statistical and biographical data on the rich today to provide a counterpoint to Veblen's thesis. It is argued that the rich are not characterized by a rejection of work. On the contrary the richest people in the world typically work longer hours than the average. For these individuals work adopts a play form which probably contrasts sharply with wider social experience. Data on the leisure of Bill Gates, Warren Buffett and Richard Branson is examined to assemble a position on leisure and the rich which contrasts with the Veblen thesis.     

Souvenirs: Icons of meaning, commercialization and commoditization

This article examines the development of souvenirs research in tourism studies. It looks at souvenirs from four broad vantage points, namely historical perspectives on souvenirs research, souvenirs as messengers of meaning, souvenirs as tradable commodities and the commodification of souvenirs and handicrafts. Part of this includes the supply and demand aspects of souvenir production and consumption, including the distribution system and various aspects of producers. The paper also considers the commodification process of native arts and crafts into consumable tourism products and suggests future directions for additional works in this understudied area of tourism research.