Implementing a technology strategy in developing countries: The experience of the Indonesian rolling stock industry

Integration of business and technology strategies is an attractive approach for industries in developing countries. However, to be successful, these strategies cannot be implemented according to a company's objectives alone regardless of the involvement of other players. Furthermore, consideration of interrelated technologies should be included if a product resulting from the strategy is expected to perform well and be sustainable. This article attempts to give a broader view of factors to be considered in implementing business technology strategies in developing countries. Supporting evidence is given from the rolling stock industry in Indonesia, which has been implementing a type of business technology strategy.     

破解“三农“难题的对策和出路

农业是国民经济的基础,在我国现代化建设中具有重要的战略地位.长期以来,三农即农业、农村和农民问题一直成为困扰我国经济发展的瓶颈.因此,解决三农问题,要有针对性,从实际出发,开出良方.要深化农村土地制度改革,加大农业产业结构调整力度,进行农村行政体制改革,加快非农业人口的转移和小城镇建设,建立对农村的"反哺"机制,在"三农"之外寻求新的突破,用市场法则解决农村剩余劳动力、土地流转、物流、信息和资金等问题.     

保障国家石油安全需完善石油储备体系

建立石油储备体系、拥有适当的石油储备日益成为各国能源安全战略的重中之重。目前,不论从国内市场还是从外部环境来看,加快推进中国石油储备体系建设刻不容缓。完善中国石油储备体系,主要从以下几个方面着手：立法先行,建立和健全石油储备相关的法律法规;借鉴国外经验,建立符合中国国情的石油储备模式;分步实行,循序渐进确保石油储备规模;减少单一品种依赖,促进石油储备品种多样化;放松市场管制,培育多元化的石油储备主体;统筹考虑,科学合理布局规划石油储备基地;综合决策,建立多层次的石油储备筹资模式;密切关注国际形势变化,积极参与石油储备国际合作。     

A SYNTHESIS OF POVERTY LINE DEFINITIONS*

A fundamental point of discussion in poverty research is whether poverty is an absolute or a relative concept. If poverty is seen to be a situation of absolute deprivation, a poverty line will usually be defined to be independent of the general style of living in society. If poverty is considered to be a situation of relative deprivation, a poverty line will be defined in relation to the general style of living in society. The choice for one of these two approaches has important consequences for social policy, as absolute poverty may be reduced by economic growth, while relative poverty will only decrease when income inequality decreases. This paper suggests a poverty line definition that is not a priori meant to be either absolute or relative, but depends on the perception of poverty in society. If the poverty line is higher in countries with higher median income (as an indicator of “general style of living”) the poverty line is said to be relative; if the poverty line does not vary with median income, it is said to be absolute. The poverty line definition suggested appears to be a generalization of almost all well-known poverty line definitions. Poverty lines thus defined are estimated for eight European countries on the basis of a 1979 survey. The resulting lines appear to have an elasticity with respect to median income of 0.51, and hence can be said to be halfway on the scale between absolute and relative.     

大力发展资本市场 促进资源优化配置

《国务院关于推进资本市场改革开放和稳定发展的若干意见》把更大程度地发挥资本市场在资源配置中的基础性作用为目标,把资本市场的健康发展放在促进全面建设小康社会的战略高度,意义十分深远。只有将优化资源配置功能放在突出位置,资本市场才能健康稳定发展,财富效应才能真正实现,公众投资者利益才能得到保护,资本市场才能恢复其本色,多层次市场体系的建设和市场创新才能逐步推行。     

Can contracts solve the hold-up problem? Experimental evidence

In the contract-theoretic literature, there is a vital debate about whether contracts can mitigate the hold-up problem, in particular when renegotiation cannot be prevented. Ultimately, this question has to be answered empirically. As a first step, we have conducted a laboratory experiment with 960 participants. We consider investments that directly benefit the non-investing party. While according to standard theory, contracting would be useless if renegotiation cannot be ruled out, we find that option contracts significantly improve investment incentives compared to a no-contract treatment. This finding might be attributed to Hart and Moore?s (2008) recent idea that contracts can serve as reference points.     

提高云南省自主创新能力的对策措施

自主创新能力不强,已成为阻碍云南省转变经济发展方式、调整产业结构、全面建设小康社会的主要障碍。文章针对云南省自主创新能力建设中存在的体制机制不完善、投融资体系尚未形成、企业尚未成为技术创新的主体、自主创新人才匮乏、知识产权能力建设薄弱等问题,提出了增强云南省自主创新能力的对策措施。     

Efficient and stable collective choices under gregarious preferences

We consider collective choice problems where a set of agents have to choose an alternative from a finite set and agents may or may not become users of the chosen alternative. An allocation is a pair given by the chosen alternative and the set of its users. Agents have gregarious preferences over allocations: given an allocation, they prefer that the set of users becomes larger. We require that the final allocation be efficient and stable (no agent can be forced to be a user and no agent who wants to be a user can be excluded). We propose a two-stage sequential mechanism whose unique subgame perfect equilibrium outcome is an efficient and stable allocation which also satisfies a maximal participation property.     

世界正当秩序之建构——评邓正来《谁之全球化？何种法哲学？》

本文旨在探讨邓正来先生所提出的建构世界正当秩序的话语争夺问题。本文认为，此种以话语争夺为基础的路径必然要预设一种超国家的权威，或者说一种全球层面上的政治决断论；而如果不采取此种立场的话，那么从更为现实的角度上看，也必须预设一种国家的资格理论，也就是说，与罗尔斯的“正派的国家”和康德的“共和制”一样，对参与全球治理的主体资格作出某种限定，从而保证在一种理性对话的过程中解决冲突、达成共识。     

Let's make a deal in the classroom: Institutional solutions to the Monty Hall Dilemma

The authors describe how the Monty Hall Dilemma, a well-known choice anomaly, can be demonstrated with a simple and versatile classroom experiment. In addition to demonstrating the anomaly, the experiment can be used to introduce students to some institutional modifications that have been shown to ameliorate it. This experiment, which can be tailored by instructors to meet specific learning objectives for a variety of courses, can also be used to frame broader discussions about rationality, institutions, and choices under uncertainty.     

Technological Change Bias In The U.S. Investor-Owned Electric Utility Industry Following Potential Deregulation

This paper estimates regulated and poientially deregulated costs of production for a multiproduct electric utility industry. The empirical evidence suggests technological regression with respect to costs in both regulated and deregulated environments. Analysis of factor cost shares indicates that technological change in a deregulated environment is expected to be less apital saving than technological change in the regulated environment. In addition, this study finds that overall diseconomies of scale may be nduced over time and to a greater extentunder deregulation than under regulation. Also, cost complementarities may be enhancedover time, but to a lesser extent under deregulation. Hence. tendencies toward natural monop oly may be increased or decreased by deregulation, and advancing deregulation may or may not be an appropriate policy.     

Reconsidering bank capital regulation: a new combination of rules,regulators, and market discipline

Despite revisions to bank capital standards, fundamental shortcomings remain: the rules for setting capital requirements need to be simpler, and resolution should be an essential part of the capital requirement framework.We propose a revised system of capital regulation that addresses these needs by making changes to all three pillars of bank regulation: only common equity should be recognized as regulatory capital, and risk weighting of assets should be abandoned; capital requirements should be assigned on an institution-by-institution basis according to a regulatory (s, S) approach developed in the paper; a standard for prompt, corrective action is incorporated into the (s, S) approach.     

高校财务风险的形成机理及防范机制分析

大量举债、资金运营以及学费拖欠等给高校财务管理带来极大风险。构建高校财务风险防范机制必须发挥政府主导作用,在加大教育经费投入的基础上规范高校办学规模;引导社会力量进入办学领域,在营造社会办学环境的基础上拓宽筹资渠道;建立现代大学制度,在规范管理的基础上强化内部监督;提高银行向高校贷款的门槛,在严格控制贷款规模的基础上落实还款渠道。     

A graphic representation of the Nash and Lindahl equilibria in an economy with a public good

In an economy with a public good the noncooperative Nash equilibrium and the cooperative Lindahl equilibrium are represented graphically. The Nash equilibrium is shown to be non-optimal, while the Lindahl equilibrium is shown to be optimal. Simple stability analyses are undertaken. Finally, the two equilibria are compared. It appears that more public good will be allocated in the Lindahl than in the Nash equilibrium, and that in a sufficiently large economy a transition from a Nash to a Lindahl equilibrium will be advantageous for everyone.     

Efficient and stable collective choices under gregarious preferences

We consider collective choice problems where a set of agents have to choose an alternative from a finite set and agents may or may not become users of the chosen alternative. An allocation is a pair given by the chosen alternative and the set of its users. Agents have gregarious preferences over allocations: given an allocation, they prefer that the set of users becomes larger. We require that the final allocation be efficient and stable (no agent can be forced to be a user and no agent who wants to be a user can be excluded). We propose a two-stage sequential mechanism whose unique subgame perfect equilibrium outcome is an efficient and stable allocation which also satisfies a maximal participation property.     

商业集群的发展历史及产业集群打造

随着全球一体化进程的加快和越来越激烈的全球竞争,创建具有竞争力的产业集群是许多政府和企业的共同心愿。但产业集群作为商业集群的最高历史阶段,其打造并不是一挥而蹴的事情。商业集群的形成和转型具有客观规律性,从低级到高级商业集群分为：地理集群、市场集群、网络集群、创新集群和产业集群。商业集群每个发展阶段具有不同的特点和不同的形成条件,从低级到高级的转化与升级具有内在驱动机制,必须掌握这种内在驱动机制并努力满足相应条件,才有可能使商业集群顺利地形成、转型或升级,否则,欲速则不达。     

How to achieve an ROI on your health care dollars

Offering employees self-care information, which encourages them to decide what to do for themselves with and without provider assistance, can be a low-cost, effective approach to health care cost management. Components of such a program may include a printed self-care guide, workshops, software and a nurse advice line. Self-care is a process, not an event and, to be effective, a self-care program needs to be reinforced by ongoing communication.     

企业文化在对企业管理中的战略定位

企业文化为企业带来的种种益处使得许多管理者都试图建立有利于企业管理的企业文化。许多管理者和学者来说，企业文化是企业管理中一个十分有效的工具。然而企业文化在管理企业的过程当中应该被赋予适当的地位。只根据企业管理的需要来塑造企业文化或许并不是一个很好的选择，将企业文化置于从属性的地位也可能并不符合企业文化产生的本质。文章从企业文化产生的源头以及企业文化理论诞生的缘由两方面分析，认为在企业的战略发展和管理当中，企业文化应该占据一个决定性的战略地位。     

Ecological pricing and economic efficiency

There is a need to accurately account for the contributions of environmental assets to the overall economy. Such accounting would permit policies that allow protection of important natural resources and aid the analytic process to determine an accurate basis for a sustainable economy. The aim is to develop an accounting framework for ecology that is sufficiently consistent with the economic framework that the two can be fruitfully combined. With appropriate definitions of the flows, the two systems can be connected into a common framework. No single measure of the system productivity and efficiency can be given for the combined system, however, until the ecosystem metabolism can be converted into economic terms. This could be done with a series of economic valuation techniques. Ecological prices could then be estimated and a single measure of ecological economic output could be given. With the net combined system input and output now in common terms, a technical system efficiency measure can logically be proposed. Because human activity inevitably involves dissipation, such emissions would now have a monetary price. Because such emissions are irrecoverable, the total output of the combined system is greater than it is under the current definition, giving rise to a technical system-wide efficiency measure.     

Intermediate macroeconomics: The importance of being post Keynesian

Post Keynesians should not be afraid to teach what they believe represents the best explanation of macroeconomic fluctuations. Our colleagues in the mainstream certainly are not and, realistically speaking, it is hard to imagine that any student would be handicapped by not having had a full dose of IS-LM, the accelerationist hypothesis, Phillips Curves, and so on. Furthermore, there may not be a more opportune time to introduce post Keynesianism to undergraduate students with Neoclassicals still recovering from their inability to explain the financial crisis. This article argues for a post Keynesian-focused intermediate macroeconomics and offers a sample plan. It reviews the state of post-financial crisis mainstream macro teaching and references pedagogical literature in showing how a post Keynesian transformation and reorganization can be made most effective.