The effect of CEO compensation structure on the early internationalization of newly public firms

This study suggests the incentive perspective as an antecedent of early internationalization. We argue that early internationalization is a risky strategy for a CEO in a relatively young firm and that a potential agency problem arises between a CEO and shareholders in such a context. By drawing on agency theory, we theorize that the CEO compensation structure plays a critical role in the early internationalization decision. In a sample of 145 newly public U.S. firms, we find that the likelihood of early internationalization is negatively associated with the CEO’s secured cash pay and positively associated with the CEO’s equity-based compensation. In addition, we find that the positive association between equity-based compensation and the likelihood of early internationalization becomes stronger as the CEO’s tenure increases. These findings show that the interest alignment between a CEO and shareholders affects the strategic decision of early internationalization. Our study contributes to the literature on corporate governance and international business by underscoring the importance of the compensation structure as a significant driver of value-creating strategic initiatives and by identifying incentive factors that spur firms to internationalize early.     

新创企业国际化过程中的企业家特定能力研究

新创企业国际化的蓬勃发展对传统的国际化理论提出了挑战,第三代企业家所拥有的企业家特定能力是新创企业国际化行为的驱动因素,本文把新创企业国际化过程中的企业家特定能力界定在以下几个方面：机会能力、关系能力、概念能力、整合能力、战略能力、承诺能力。企业家正是通过界定业务范围、培育组织能力和设置目标并采取行动等任务而作用于企业的国际化成长。     

Improvised internationalization in new ventures: The role of prior knowledge and networks

How do entrepreneurs identify foreign market opportunities and how do they identify foreign market(s) and customers? We draw on the concepts of effectuation, improvisation, prior knowledge and networks to study the early internationalization of new ventures operating in the Irish Shellfish sector. We argue that the internationalization process was strongly influenced by two ‘resources to hand’: the entrepreneurs’ idiosyncratic prior knowledge and their prior social and business ties. We observe an effectuation logic and extensive improvisation in the internationalization process of these new ventures.     

国际新创企业海外创业机会识别与开发

国际新创企业作为一种新型的创业形式和国际企业组织类型,对传统的国际化理论提出了挑战。本文基于国际创业的视角,从创业机会的角度来探讨国际新创企业创立与成长问题,揭示了国际新创企业创业机会的来源以及企业家机会识别与开发过程及其影响因素。     

货币国际化影响因素与作用机制的实证分析

本文在利用国际货币的三大职能全面衡量货币国际化程度的基础上,采用GMM识别货币国际化的影响因素,进而借助自举法的面板Granger因果检验探究货币国际化与其显著影响因素间的相互作用机制。研究发现,货币国际地位的提升在某个阶段可能以某一职能发挥为主,不同阶段的政策着力点应该不同;货币国际化与其影响因素间存在双向因果关系,主导性国际货币对发行国经济因素的影响更为明显;长期来看,人民币国际化成果可以为我国经济增长和金融发展服务。     

Internationalization and Auditor Choice

Prior research shows that internationalization increases information asymmetry and conflicts of interest between managers and outside investors, which lead to greater agency problems. Agency theory predicts a demand for higher quality auditors when agency problems are more severe. This study investigates whether the extent of internationalization influences auditor choice and whether audit quality has performance implications for internationalization. Using a set of U.S. firms from 2003 to 2009, we find the extent of internationalization positively related to audit quality. Furthermore, higher quality audits positively moderate the relation between internationalization and firm performance. Taken together, these results suggest that higher quality audit mitigates the agency problem associated with internationalization.     

Global mindset and the internationalization of small firms: The importance of the characteristics of entrepreneurs

Despite being a relatively new concept, the importance of the global mindset is already well-documented. So far research has primarily focused on multinational companies and therefore the operationalization of the concept is still a work in progress. Recognizing the importance of entrepreneurs in small companies, yet mindful of the gaps that exist, this paper addresses the factors that constitute the global mindset and their influence on the internationalization of small Portuguese companies. Using information-processing theory through a quantitative, survey-based study and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), the results show the importance of the characteristics of both entrepreneurs and firms in explaining the global mindset, and confirm the impact they have on internationalization behavior. The entrepreneur??s level of education, their satisfaction with company performance in the domestic market and the potential for growth in the domestic market all affect the global mindset model. The conclusions are useful for entrepreneurs and national authorities aiming to successfully implement internationalization practices, given the role of the global mindset in exploring global business opportunities and in the global success of companies. Replication of the research in different contexts is essential for the wider generalization of the results.     

对管理教育发展的几点认识

管理教育的发展与社会经济的发展紧密相关。在管理教育国际化的发展过程中,必须认识其目的是有效地满足当今社会对管理人才国际化发展的需求,因此必须在教学内容、师资、学生、教学过程等方面适应这种国际化的发展要求,同时也有必要对管理教育进行流程再造。     

中国会计标准国际化问题研究

本文从会计标准的概念出发,通过与会计国际化的定义进行对比,阐述了中国会计标准国际化的内涵以及会计标准国际化的外在需求性,即经济全球化和信息技术革命的要求以及会计标准国际化的内在决定性和资本计量功效与节约经济资源,说明了中国会计标准国际化的进程及现状。分析了中国会计准则与国际财务报告准则存在的主要差异,并从资本市场、法律体系、职业界与会计队伍、经济后果等方面揭示了上述差异的形成原因。最后,对进一步推进中国会计标准的建设、改善会计标准国际化的外部环境、积极参与会计标准国际化进程、我国会计标准制定过程中的原则导向或规则导向,我国当前环境下会计标准国际化的现实选择等方面提出若干建议。     

金融市场建设对人民币国际化的作用分析

中国作为一个发展中大国在世界经济中的地位日渐提升,以及全球金融危机暴露出来现行国际货币体系的诸多弊端与国际货币多元化的必要性,人民币国际地位问题也吸引了越来越多的关注。但是由于我国的金融市场尚不发达、金融衍生产品比较匮乏、以及利率与汇率的市场化尚未实现等因素,可能会制约着人民币国际化的步伐。本文从人民币国际化的含义、条件及构建发达的金融系统对人民币国际化的重要作用等方面系统地分析了我国目前金融市场发展的状况,从加强我国金融市场建设方面阐述了人民币国际化的措施。     

The impact of venture capital financing method on SME performance and internationalization

One of the basic premises of venture capital is leverage, which often means adding money and other resources to speed up growth. As a result, small- to medium-sized venture funded firms are expected to show significant growth at an early stage. Our research examines how equity based-venture funding methods affect SME performance and internationalization. We divide venture capital financing into several categories: incremental financing where firms receive their venture capital funding in portions, lump-sum funding where firms receive their funding in one lump-sum, syndication where two or more external investors participate in a single financing round and non-syndicated financing where one investor participates in a single financing round. The results show that type of equity-based venture capital financing affect performance and internationalization. Annual sales growth rate and annual turnover are used as proxies for performance. Export ratio is used as a proxy for internationalization. Staged financing and financing through a syndicate has a positive effect on performance and internationalization when used separately. We observe a negative effect when syndication and staged financing are used in combination.     

Disentangling the influence of internationalization on sustainability development: Evidence from the energy sector

This paper aims to deepen our understanding of the relationship between firms' internationalization and their sustainability development. We expected firms with a higher level of internationalization to exhibit better environmental management and performance. A sample of 287 publicly traded firms in the energy and energy‐related utilities sector was used to test these relationships. We focused on the energy sector, as energy production and supply have historically accounted for the lion's share of global greenhouse gas emissions. We found that firms' level of internationalization had a positive effect on their environmental management, whereas its effect on environmental performance was not found to be significant. We also tested whether these relationships change when firms' internationalization is oriented towards developing countries. Upon a closer look, the relationship was found to be significant between internationalization towards developing countries and better environmental management, thus contributing to the line of literature that does not support the pollution haven hypothesis.     

物流系统建立对国际化进程影响分析调查报告

利用一项在全国范围内,对跨国企业关于企业物流系统国际化过程成功因素问卷调查。对企业物流系统的评估、计划、实施、运作对于企业国际化进程的影响进行分析,对不同地区物流环境和物流条件进行探讨。以期从企业角度对物流系统国际化做一些探讨和研究,为行进中的中国企业提供经验和参考,其研究结果对后续研究也有一定的借鉴意义。     

Tit for tat in small steps: the internationalization of Swedish banks

Earlier studies of the internationalization of manufacturing firms have shown that they tend to start their foreign operations in countries that are culturally close to their own and then gradually move to more alien ground. If banks follow their customers abroad, we would expect their internationalization to assume a similar pattern. Their penetration of foreign markets could also be expected to be related to direct foreign investments and exports. An empirical test in the case of major Swedish banks did not support this hypothesis. Instead these banks tended to concentrate their internationalization efforts to important financial centres. Thus they have not only chosen to establish themselves in places where many international banks are already working, but they have also tended to follow each other in a pattern of tit for tat. The nature of this process supports the idea suggested in earlier studies that internationalization is generally a gradual process, starting with minor commitments which are developed over time.     

人民币国际化的金融监管探析

人民币国际化是中国经济发展的必然选择。人民币国际化的过程是人民币业务、机构、交易网络国际化的过程。人民币国际化对中国的经济制度、金融体系和金融市场的改革与发展都提出了更高的要求。在人民币国际化过程中,金融监管框架必然需要根据人民币国际化的进程动态进行调整。这就从监管体制、监管目标和监管手段等方面对我国金融监管提出了新的课题。     

从会计发展史看国际化会计人才的培养

通过会计发展史看会计所具有的国际性,分析了培养国际化会计人才对会计行业以及相关领域的影响,进一步分析了我国会计国际化现状及趋势,指出我国会计领域人才培养的应对措施和国际化会计人才培养的目标。     

国际营销动态能力的制度驱动机制研究——基于四川长虹国际化进程的案例分析

随着国际市场动荡性的不断增强,国际化企业如何在持续变化的外部环境下获取和维持竞争优势成为战略营销研究的关注焦点;国际营销动态能力概念为企业应对激烈国际市场竞争提供了新的指导工具。本研究基于制度理论的视角,从管制、规范和文化认知三大系统中识别出若干制度因素;通过对四川长虹国际化进程的案例分析,考察了企业在不同国际化阶段驱动国际营销动态能力的关键因素及实现机制;最后对研究所提供的理论和实践启示进行讨论。     

论内部审计在企业风险管理中的作用

随着社会主义市场经济的发展,经济全球化及国际化程度不断加深,企业经营环境日趋复杂,经营风险增大.防范、规避和化解风险成为企业管理面临的新课题和重要任务,风险管理成为内部审计的重要领域,并越来越受到企业管理层的重视.文章分析了内部审计在企业风险管理中的作用,针对当前企业风险管理审计中存在的问题,提出了加强内部审计防范化解企业风险的相关措施     

Measuring workplace internationalization: incorporating self-reported measures of international engagement

This paper constructs a multi-criterion index to assess the degree of workplace internationalization in Canadian workplaces in a major nationally representative dataset – the Workplace and Employee Survey. The measure, referred to as the degree of workplace internationalization (DWI) index, is designed to capture an inclusive representation of internationalization consistent with globalization. It is made up of two parts: an observed measurement component and a self-reported component. The observed measurement component is the sum of two ratios: ‘foreign sales to total sales’ and ‘foreign ownership to total ownership’. The self-reported component is the summed result of two scale measurements: ‘importance of international competition’ and ‘importance of expanding into new geographic markets’. The value-added of the DWI index is the self-reported component, which integrates the consequences (importance of international competition) and opportunities (importance of expanding into new geographic markets) of globalization. The index is developed and verified in three stages. The first describes an effort to ensure measurement validity. The second stage examines the index's measurement reliability by subjecting the DWI index to statistical tests common to psychometric theory of index building. In the third stage, the index is decomposed into an observed measurement component and a self-reported component. In separate tests, these components, along with the DWI index as a whole, are regressed against two sets of measures with known relationships with internationalization: the propensity to innovate, and the use of conceptual training programmes. The main result is that the index as a whole serves as the better proxy of workplace internationalization. Finally, it is argued to be an improvement on existing measures of internationalization.