浮动汇率制度下资本项目开放国际经验与启示

随着国际金融方面改革的深入,我国资本项目开放不断地面临新的环境和形势,汇率政策的变动就是其中之一。以更具弹性的浮动汇率制度为背景,分析其他国家在浮动汇率制度下开放资本项目的经验,总结出开放的条件和步骤的一般规律,并进一步得出对我国现实的政策启示,将有助于我国在今后的改革中有针对性地防范风险,也有助于我国稳步实现资本项目下的完全可兑换。     

人民币国际化的现实基石、主要障碍及推进路径

人民币国际化是人民币在国际范围内发挥货币功能,成为主要的贸易计价结算货币、金融交易货币以及国际储备货币的过程。中国20世纪90年代初的汇率改革开启了人民币国际化的萌芽和发展,现阶段中国快速增长的对外贸易、对外直接投资、区域影响力的提升等为人民币国际化提供了强大的驱动力。但由于对外贸易结构的不合理、人民币国际结算的失衡以及"霸权货币"的抵制,使人民币国际化面临不少困难。我们应完善和推广自由贸易区建设,形成本土离岸人民币金融中心和人民币回流机制;深化金融体制改革,完善金融市场机制,加快国际金融中心建设;协同推进渐进式的资本项目开放与利率市场化、汇率自由化;进一步扩大双边本币互换的范围和规模,以东亚货币合作为基础,推进国际货币合作。     

资本项目可兑换与汇率制度的互动协调分析

资本项目可兑换与汇率制度相互作用、相互协调.一方面,市场化汇率制度是资本项目可兑换的前提和基础;另一方面,资本项目可兑换决定均衡汇率,并促进汇率制度弹性化和市场化.随着中国经济不断发展和日益融入国际经济体系,中国应进一步开放资本项目,相应地逐步增大汇率制度的弹性空间,最终实现资本项目可兑换和浮动汇率制度.     

Macroeconomic effect of capital controls as a safeguard against the capital inflow problem

Concerns that a rapid surge in capital inflow leads to loss of autonomy in macroeconomic policy, and that its reversal has significant negative effects on an economy, have motivated capital controls during the 1990s. Under a fixed exchange rate system without capital-account restrictions, a decrease in world nominal interest rates causes in a small open economy a deterioration in the current account, real exchange rate appreciation, and inflationary pressure, as pointed out by Calvo et al. (, ). This paper examines macroeconomic effects of capital-account restrictions as a policy response to the capital inflow problem under fixed exchange rates. Theoretical analysis shows that capital-account restrictions not only stem the capital inflow but also reverse the associated macroeconomic effects. The model implies that capital-account restrictions are effective measures against the capital inflow problem of emerging markets in the 1990s.     

对我国国际游资的影响分析

目前,大量的国际游资已经和将要涌入我国并进行投机活动,一旦国际游资赚得足够利润后迅速撤离,将对我国金融体系的安全和稳定带来巨大的隐患。日本和东南亚的金融危机就是很好的教训。因此,应建立起对国际游资的监管机制;改变我国经济发展战略,调整经济结构;协调好汇率和利率政策工具的关系;协调好财政政策和货币政策的实施,提升调控效果;资本账户的开放要循序渐进;研究制定合理测算国际资本流动量的标准;健全我国金融体系,完善金融制度,以便应对和防范国际游资的冲击。     

对我国国际游资的影响分析

目前,大量的国际游资已经和将要涌入我国并进行投机活动,一旦国际游资赚得足够利润后迅速撤离,将对我国金融体系的安全和稳定带来巨大的隐患。日本和东南亚的金融危机就是很好的教训。因此,应建立起对国际游资的监管机制;改变我国经济发展战略,调整经济结构;协调好汇率和利率政策工具的关系;协调好财政政策和货币政策的实施,提升调控效果;资本账户的开放要循序渐进;研究制定合理测算国际资本流动量的标准;健全我国金融体系,完善金融制度,以便座对和防范国际游资的冲击。     

Does vertical specialisation increase productivity?

This paper investigates the impact of global value chain (GVC) participation on productivity. It uses data on trade in value‐added from the World Input‐Output Database. The results based on a panel estimation covering 13 sectors in 40 countries over 15 years suggest that participation in GVCs is a significant driver of labour productivity. Backward participation in GVCs, that is, the use of imported inputs to produce for exports, emerges as particularly important. An increase by 10% in the level of GVC participation increased average productivity by close to 1.6%.     

中央银行最优目标下的均衡汇率区间研究——基于资本项目开放度约束

合理的均衡汇率不仅要考虑基本面的因素,更要与中央银行的货币政策最优目标相一致。基于开放经济模型,本文引入资本项目开放度的约束,在最优化中央银行福利函数的基础上得到人民币均衡汇率表达关系式。由于中央银行在通货膨胀目标与经济增长目标权重分配的外生性,合理的均衡汇率将以区间的形式存在。通过分析1999.3-2019.9的实际有效汇率与均衡汇率区间,发现:(1)中央银行货币政策目标权重的分配影响均衡汇率区间的边界;(2)滞后的资本项目开放导致汇率失衡,且不会被"汇改"和货币政策目标权重变化扭转;(3)过早的资本项目开放也会导致汇率失衡,但随着经济基本面增长和汇率制度完善,汇率逐渐向均衡汇率区间均值处收敛;(4)资本项目渐进式开放既有助于汇率合理均衡,也有助于提高央行货币政策目标调控区间和自主性。     

中美贸易摩擦对中国参与区域价值链的重构效应

基于贸易增加值视角,以《区域全面经济伙伴关系协定》(RCEP)为对象,研究中美贸易摩擦对中国参与区域价值链的重构效应。首先运用沃姆斯利(Walmsley)动态递归方法更新全球贸易分析模型的基准数据库,然后运用全球贸易分析模型与库普曼(Koopman)等的贸易增加值分解模型的链接方法,分解中美加征关税对全球价值链和区域价值链的影响,从区域价值链视角出发评估贸易摩擦的经济效应。结果发现:从国家层面看,贸易摩擦对中国参与全球价值链负面影响颇为严重,却深化了中国参与区域价值链的程度,主要归因于直接贸易规模性转移与间接产业分工格局调整两个方面;从产业层面看,贸易摩擦对中国不同行业部门参与区域价值链的影响存在较强的异质性。总体而言,对不同行业的区域价值链均呈现促进效应,但电子产业增长相对较高,其次是汽车业、纺织业,原因在于不同行业参与全球价值链的程度截然不同。     

Does servicification of manufacturing increase the GVC activities of firms? Case of India

Does greater use of services’ inputs in manufacturing increase the global value chain (GVC) activities of the firms? In this study, we analyse the effects of servicification on the GVC activities of manufacturing firms in India. Using panel data of 4608 Indian manufacturing firms from 2001 to 2018, we examine the effects of servicification of manufacturing firms on their decision to participate in GVCs. The study examines the overall service inputs in manufacturing activities and its impact on GVC activities of firms. The results indicate that servicification of manufacturing tends to have a positive impact on GVC activities of firms. We also observe positive impact on Indian small and medium enterprises (SMEs) to participate in the GVC through the servicification of manufacturing. Further, the results also indicate the differential impact of servicification between high- and low-technology industries.     

中国品牌国际化面对的难题及策略

以海尔为代表的中国一大批企业在创建国际品牌方面都取得了瞩目的成绩,给中国其他企业进行品牌国际化战略提供了宝贵的学习经验。本文分析了中国企业在品牌国际化过程中遇到的难题,并对中国企业在品牌国际化过程中应采取的策略进行了重点研究。     

基于全球价值链的产业升级与金融支持问题研究——以我国第二产业为例

以我国第二产业为例,运用各地2000年到2009年的面板数据探讨并实证检验了在全球价值链分工条件下的产业升级和金融支持之间的关系。研究结果表明,资本市场的发展对我国第二产业的升级具有显著的促进作用,而信贷市场的发展和我国第二产业的升级之间仅存在较为微弱的负相关关系。此外,政府引导在我国第二产业的升级进程中发挥了较为重要的作用。     

Global value chain and its impact on the linkage between exchange rate and export: Cases of China,Japan and Korea

The link between exchange rate and trade has been studied for a long time, but there is no consensus about their relation. This paper tests the old argument, whether depreciation of real effective exchange rates (REERs) raises exports. We differentiate the test with earlier studies by employing a new measurement of REER and incorporating the effect of GVCs. We measured REER at industry level with value‐added trade weights. We analysed the topic with LSDV and system GMM for China, Japan and Korea since these counties are known to participate actively in GVCs. Our main finding is that exchange rate has significant impact on trade for three countries. However, the movement of elasticity of export to REER varies by country. While the elasticity in China decreased over time, Korea and Japan experienced increasing patterns between mid‐1990s and mid‐2000s and decreasing trends afterwards. This study also tests whether the level of incorporation in GVCs causes a change in elasticity. The results show that growing participation in GVCs lowers the elasticity of export to REER in absolute value. However, this result is only statistically significant in Korea.     

芜湖汽车及零部件产业集群升级研究——基于全球价值链视角

产业集群是促进区域经济发展的重要动力。如何提升产业集群的竞争力,已成为理论界关注的热点。嵌入全球价值链,不仅能够使地方产业集群进入国际市场,而且能够沿着价值链进行产业升级,由价值链的低附加值环节向高附加值环节移动。不同的价值链治理模式对产业升级有不同的影响。产业集群应在充分认识自身所处价值环节的基础上,选择适合自身发展的升级模式。