中日农产品贸易与贸易摩擦分析

中、日建交以来,双边贸易关系越来越密切。但随着两国农产品贸易交流与合作的不断发展,其贸易摩擦也与日俱增,这影响了中日贸易的健康发展。本文从分析中国对日农产品出口贸易的贸易规模、产品结构等入手,得出对日农产品贸易的特点。然后,通过介绍两个重点贸易摩擦事件,分析其原因。     

“中俄蒙经济走廊”建设背景下中俄农产品贸易问题探究

随着"中俄蒙经济走廊"建设的推进,中俄两国在加强交通运输、口岸建设和提升贸易便利化水平等方面取得了一定成果,为双方农产品贸易奠定了坚实的基础。但总体来看,受双方对农产品贸易重要性认识不到位、互联互通水平不高、民间对中俄农产品贸易缺乏共识等因素影响,中俄农产品贸易仍然存在贸易规模偏小影响力低、贸易类别和产品相对集中、贸易壁垒比较突出、缺乏农业全产业链深度合作等问题。应采取以政府和民间双方互信推进农业合作、以国际农业产业园深化全产业合作、加大对市场主体的政策扶持力度、借力"中俄蒙经济走廊"建设提升贸易便利化水平等措施,推动中俄农产品贸易持续健康发展。     

金融创新视域下农产品贸易的发展格局与高质量发展对策研究

中国作为农业大国,在农产品贸易方面取得了一定的发展,现已成为世界农业贸易大国。中国农产品贸易极大缓解了国内农产品剩余压力,增加了国内农民的经济收入,促进了中国农村地区的建设和发展。但是在整个发展过程中,仍然存在金融支持力度不够、金融创新不足等问题,这些问题严重制约了中国农产品贸易的发展。从金融创新视域入手,分析了中国农产品贸易的发展格局,研究了当前中国农产品贸易存在的问题,最后提出针对性对策,以期在一定程度上帮助提高中国农产品贸易金融创新力度,促进中国农产品贸易的健康发展。     

“一带一路”倡议下中哈农产品贸易发展特征、阻碍及应对策略

“一带一路”倡议为中哈两国农产品贸易发展带来了新机遇,双方农产品贸易发展势头良好,贸易额稳步攀升,但也呈现贸易规模不大、贸易结构单一、贸易壁垒较多等现实特征,贸易障碍依然较多。对此,笔者从“一带一路”倡议出发,以中哈农产品贸易现状及特征为切入点,在剖析双边农产品贸易发展面临的阻碍因素基础上,提出进一步深化双方农产品贸易合作的应对策略。     

Customer retention and price matching: The AFPs case

Understanding the long-term price matching effects on CLV is important in evaluating the effectiveness of these policies in stimulating customer retention. In industries with low brand differentiation and low customer involvement (e.g., private pension system), it can be seen that choosing a brand is based on inertia. The objective of this article is to analyze the convenience for the firm of improving customer retention, by matching the lowest price in the Chilean private pension system. Results suggest that matching the industry's price leader reduces the firm's CLV, thus diminishing firm incentives to make this marketing effort.     

贸易不确定性对中国企业的冲击及应对策略研究--基于中美贸易摩擦的视角

基于中美贸易摩擦的新动向,围绕当前中国企业应该如何应对中美贸易摩擦带来的风险进行研究。回顾中美贸易摩擦的历史问题,聚焦中美贸易摩擦的新动向,分析中国企业受中美贸易摩擦总体影响情况。研究发现,中美贸易摩擦背景下贸易不确定性带来的冲击有关税增加、企业经营成本激增、配套制造业产业链受到牵连以及中美产业集群发展失衡等。在此基础上,从企业、政府以及银行三方的角度,强调"政企银"打好组合拳,多向发力,共同协助中国企业顺利应对风险,帮助企业将中美贸易摩擦冲击带来的损失降至最低。     

How price complexity takes its toll: The neglected role of a simplicity bias and fairness in price evaluations

Marketing managers commonly employ complex price plans. Surprisingly, limited and conflicting evidence reports how customers perceive and react to complex prices. This study examines perceptions about price complexity and shows that customers tend to prefer simple prices. Two experimental studies show that perceived price complexity negatively affects customer perceptions of price fairness and influences product choice because customers negatively evaluate the transparency of the firm's pricing practices and infer higher total prices. Customers comparing alternate offerings may therefore prefer simple over complex prices, even when the latter are less expensive. Study results suggest limiting price plan variations positively affects customer inferences about transparency and fairness, and thus customer choice.     

Assessing the impact of communication costs on international trade

Communication costs are frequently cited as an important determinant of trade costs. We test this relationship by incorporating alternative measures of communication costs in a model of bilateral trade. We find that international variations in communication costs indeed have a significant influence on trade patterns. Furthermore, estimates using disaggregated data reveal that communication costs are more important for trade in differentiated products than for trade in homogenous products.     

Education bias of trade liberalization and wage inequality in developing countries

The aim of this article is to examine the impact of increased trade on wage inequality in developing countries, and whether a higher human capital stock moderates this effect. We look at the skilled–unskilled wage differential. When better educated societies open up their economies, increased trade is likely to induce less inequality on impact because the supply of skills better matches demand. But greater international exposure also brings about technological diffusion, further raising skilled labour demand. This may raise wage inequality, in contrast to the initial egalitarian level effect of human capital. We attempt to measure these two opposing forces. We also employ a broad set of indicators to measure trade liberalization policies as well as general openness, which is an outcome, and not a policy variable. We further examine what type of education most reduces inequality. Our findings suggest that countries with a higher level of initial human capital do well on the inequality front, but human capital which accrues through the trade liberalization channel has inegalitarian effects. Our results also have implications for the speed at which trade policies are liberalized, the implication being that better educated nations should liberalize faster.     

The promise and problems of price subsidization in social entrepreneurship

Social entrepreneurship research has often focused on the benefits and challenges of designing hybrid organizations that integrate competing institutional logics to tackle social problems using market-based methods, especially in developing economies. Drawing on case evidence from the Safe Water for Africa program, we show how and why pricing new products at other than market prices offers a seductive but dangerous mechanism for managers seeking to pursue dual objectives in hybrid organizations. We identify five strategic and operational challenges with ethical implications that manifest as pricing dilemmas and show how and why they are likely to elicit moral dilemmas among stakeholders of social entrepreneurship who are not equally committed to both social and economic objectives.     

Asymmetric effects of oil price changes on the balance of trade: Evidence from selected African countries

The main new contribution of this study was to delve into the asymmetric impacts of changes in oil prices on the trade balance in the framework of six major African economies. To tackle this topic carefully, we employ three measures of external balances—oil, non‐oil and total trade balances, and assess the asymmetric response of the external balances of those six economies to oil price changes in the short and long run. Like most previous studies, we first assume the impacts of oil price fluctuations to be symmetric and employ the linear autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) method to explore the topic. We then separate oil price hikes from oil price plunges and implement the non‐linear ARDL method to reveal that the price of crude oil has a vital role to play in the trade balances for those six African economies. Further, there is evidence of significant asymmetric impacts of oil prices typically on the oil trade balance of Africa's top oil producing countries. For the non‐oil and total trade balances, in contrast, there is little evidence of the asymmetry of oil price changes.     

China's one belt one road initiative: The impact of trade facilitation versus physical infrastructure on exports

The One Belt One Road (OBOR) project is perhaps China's most significant international relations initiative in recent times. It is based on openness, harmony, inclusivity, mutual benefit and market operations and aims to connect the economically vibrant East Asia and the developed Europe by land and by sea, and in the process, it brings growth and development to tens of countries along the modern Silk routes. In this paper, we compare the impact of the main initiatives of OBOR, namely enhancements in physical infrastructure and improvements in border administration, on the trade of countries that have signed on to this project, especially countries along the six economic corridors. We find overwhelming evidence that shows improvements in border administration has the greatest impact on exports of corridor countries. Although physical infrastructure is important for trade, the Chinese government should place equal attention to improvements in trade facilitation to ensure trade routes operate seamlessly across the various corridors.     

Consumer price awareness in food shopping: the case of quantity surcharges

Quantity surcharges, higher unit prices on larger sizes than smaller sizes, are often found among grocery items. In this study we consider the question of why consumers buy surcharged goods. We hypothesize that it is the consequence of a failure to price search, and that some buyers purchase larger sizes in the belief they are cheaper, thus avoiding the need for price comparisons. In the analysis we examine canned tuna, using 1990 data from 54 grocery regions on sales, prices, and consumer demographics. Results support the hypothesis. We find evidence that buyers of surcharged items are mainly those with high time and information costs.     

Consumer responses to characteristics of price-matching guarantees: The moderating role of price consciousness

The present study develops and tests a conceptual model of consumer response to different types of price-matching characteristics (i.e., refund depth, length, and scope) across consumer segments with varying levels of price consciousness. A computer shopping simulation results show that a deep refund is interpreted as a signal of low prices by nonprice conscious consumers. However, price conscious consumers are found to associate deep refunds with increased prices, an unintended outcome for the retailer. The effects of price-matching characteristics on search and purchase behavior were also found to vary across more and less price conscious consumer segments.     

农资价格上涨对农业生产带来的负面影响及应对策略

农业生产资料作为农业生产的重要组成部分,农资价格上涨会直接影响到农业生产的效益,进而导致农民生产收入发生变化。近些年来,农资市场价格不稳定、起伏较大,农业生产资料价格上涨,导致种植业的生产成本大幅增加。农资价格上涨不仅会对农资市场的监管和运行产生负面影响,而且会对农民收入的稳定增长产生阻碍。因此,应该加大对农资价格上涨的监管,保证农资价格的平稳运行,在市场监管及宏观调控的要求下,落实政府的各项惠农政策,保证粮食安全和需求储备。     

The impact of household level heterogeneity in reference price effects on optimal retailer pricing policies

The field of marketing has witnessed substantial improvement in modeling household level heterogeneity. However, relatively little has been written about how modeling household heterogeneity translates into better marketing decisions. In this paper, we study the impact of household level heterogeneity in reference price effects on a retailer's pricing policy. Reference prices are certain anchors or standards that households use to compare the observed purchase price of a product against. If the observed price is greater than the reference price it is perceived as a “loss” and if it is smaller than the reference price it is perceived as a “gain”. In order to study the impact of heterogeneity in reference price effects on retail pricing, we test a nested logit model under two alternative reference price (memory and stimulus based) and heterogeneity (finite mixture and hierarchical Bayes) specifications. In the empirical analysis, we find that households are quite heterogeneous in terms of their gain and loss effects. For some households a gain has higher impact than a corresponding loss, while the opposite is true for others. Using individual level estimates we then develop a normative pricing policy for a retailer maximizing category profit. Our results indicate that the optimal pricing policy derived from the heterogeneous case is qualitatively different, and more profitable, than the case when heterogeneity is ignored. We show that for an important marketing problem pertaining to a retailer, the optimal pricing decisions for various brands in a category are inextricably related to household heterogeneity in reference effects and brand preference.     

产品多样性对RCEP成员出口贸易的影响研究

2020年签署的RCEP是全球规模最大的自由贸易协定,其成员国的要素差异和产品多样性将在一定程度上推进贸易发展。本文利用生物多样性的概念计算2000-2019年RCEP成员国的产品多样性,并建立多元回归模型研究产品多样性对出口贸易的影响。结果表明:产品多样性对出口额有着负向抑制作用,这种抑制作用在非东盟国家更为显著。进一步的分析表明,由于各国专业于生产某类产品,导致产品多样性下降,但专业化又推动出口贸易的发展,从而使两者负相关。基于此,本文提出了创新贸易方式,打造对外贸易新高地,推动产业链价值链合作等促进RCEP成员国贸易发展的对策建议。     

台湾农产品大陆营销存在的问题与对策

台湾农产品销往大陆,是两岸同胞实现双赢的贸易。目前,受到各方面因素的制约,发展较为缓慢,使其供求信息难以顺畅地传递,营销成本过高,难以满足多层次的消费需求。为了扩大台湾农产品在大陆的营销,必须建立台湾农产品经销制度,定位大陆消费市场,拓宽畅通销售渠道,使供给与需求更加趋于完全均衡。     

新冠肺炎疫情对外贸影响的研究

2020年春节前,新冠肺炎疫情来势汹汹,给我国交通运输、餐饮业等服务业带来了巨大打击,特别是外贸受到较大影响,不仅延迟复工影响到外贸订单履行,疫情让一些国家取消中国企业订单,严厉的管制措施影响到外贸活动的开展,而且一些国家的恶意推动恶化了中国外贸环境。应进一步加强与国际组织和相关国家的沟通、实施力度更大的积极财政政策、加大对重点行业的扶持力度、持续改善投资环境,为我国外贸健康发展保驾护航。     

我国农产品市场价格变动背后的生产成本效应--以粮食为例

以粮食为主要研究对象,探讨我国农产品市场价格变化过程中存在的生产成本效应。在具体方法上,将成本因素划分为生产成本、供应成本和机会成本三类,选取有关变量指标,并选择小麦、稻谷和玉米三类代表性的粮食,以1988年~2017年全国数据为样本进行实证检验。结果发现:我国粮食价格上涨背后的成本效应非常显著,农业生产资料价格、劳动力成本、农产品物流成本、劳动力机会成本等是引起我国粮食价格上涨的重要成本因素;此外,粮食区域供应成本是小麦和玉米价格上涨的一个推手,但是对稻谷价格的推动作用却不显著。