央企高管薪酬激励、激励兼容与企业创新——基于薪酬管制的准自然实验

以2010—2018年我国央企和非国企上市公司相关样本为研究对象,对央企高管薪酬管制政策效应进行实证检验,并结合国企混合所有制改革这一政策背景,研究央企内部激励机制的兼容问题。利用双重差分模型(DID)和三重差分模型(DDD)检验的结果表明,相较于不受薪酬管制政策影响的非国企样本而言,薪酬管制政策抑制了央企的研发投入水平;股权激励有助于缓解薪酬管制对央企研发投入的负相关关系;进一步研究发现,薪酬管制政策对央企研发投入水平的抑制强度在不同功能定位的央企之间存在差异。     

Financial distress and non‐executive director compensation: Evidence from state‐owned enterprises in South Africa post King III

Using a sample of South African state‐owned enterprises (SOEs), we examine the pre‐ and post‐period impact of King III on non‐executive director (NED) compensation with emphasis on financially distressed SOEs. This paper adopts a difference‐in‐differences analysis technique with repeated measures as the basis for testing the hypotheses. The revised Altman Z‐score model which incorporates features unique to emerging markets is used to measure financial distress. Our findings indicate that SOEs that adopted King III will increase NED compensation when the firm has a positive performance and will severely penalize NED when the firm faces financial distress. This study highlights the importance of well‐crafted corporate governance policies. It further sheds light on the importance of King III and how its implementation may prove vital for the success of an enterprise.     

Cancellation of Executive Stock Options: Tax and Accounting Income Considerations*

Canadian firms face a trade‐off between reporting higher accounting income and paying lower taxes that arises from their ability to cancel in‐the‐money executive stock options and making a substitute cash payment to the executive instead of issuing shares. Firms' trade‐off hypotheses are operationalized in a multilateral framework and empirically tested using insider‐trading data. The multilateral approach is designed to control for the incentive effects of alternative compensation schemes and to determine the cancellation payment that keeps the executive indifferent between receiving cash or shares. The results show that firms consider both taxes and financial reporting costs in determining their option cancellation behavior.     

Discretionary Accounting Accruals,Managers' Incentives,and Audit Fees*

This paper examines the linkages between discretionary accruals (DAs), managerial share ownership, management compensation, and audit fees. It draws on the theory that managers of firms with high management ownership are likely to use DAs to communicate value‐relevant information, while managers of firms with high accounting‐based compensation are likely to use DAs opportunistically to manage earnings to improve their compensation. OLS regression results of 648 Australian firms show that (1) there is a positive association between DAs and audit fees; (2) managerial ownership negatively affects the positive relationship between DAs and audit fees; and (3) this negative impact is further found to be weaker for firms with high accounting‐based management compensation.     

同业参照比运气和才能更重要吗——高管薪酬影响因素的探索性研究

针对近年来我国上市公司存在的高管薪酬持续增长现象,文章以我国上市公司2008-2013年的数据为样本,探究了运气、才能、同业参照因素对高管薪酬的影响。研究发现：（1）同业参照对高管薪酬的影响远高于运气和才能因素,同业参照因素是高管薪酬最重要的影响因素;（2）在国有企业中,同业参照因素对高管薪酬的影响最大,其次是运气因素,最后是高管才能因素;（3）在非国有企业中,高管才能因素对高管薪酬的影响最大,其次是同业参照因素,最后是运气因素。本文的研究意义在于不仅找出谁是高管薪酬最重要影响因素,不同产权性质的企业具有何种表现,也为进一步推进我国高管薪酬制度改革提供理论与经验支持。     

EBITDA and Managers' Investment and Leverage Choices

EBITDA is a commonly used performance measure for (i) valuation, (ii) debt contracting, and (iii) executive compensation. The widespread use of EBITDA by stakeholders may induce managers to focus their attention on EBITDA. Since EBITDA excludes various expenses, managers who fixate on EBITDA may underweight the excluded expenses when determining their firms' investments in capital and leverage levels. I find that managers who fixate on EBITDA overinvest in capital and overlever their firm relative to their industry peers. These results are robust to alternative proxies for managers' focus on EBITDA and alternative specifications. I also find that firms whose managers focus on EBITDA have weaker operating performance, which is attributed to higher depreciation expense. My primary proxy for managers' focus on EBITDA is whether they choose to disclose EBITDA in annual earnings announcements. I find that the use of EBITDA in setting executive compensation, the prevalence of EBITDA estimates by analysts, and the use of EBITDA‐based covenants in firms' debt contracts are all positively associated with the propensity to disclose EBITDA in earnings announcements. I find weaker evidence of opportunistic motives explaining EBITDA disclosure. These results are consistent with managers disclosing EBITDA to portray to investors that it is a metric they seek to maximize. Overall, this study suggests that while EBITDA is a widely used metric, there is a systematic cost to using this measure—it provides managers with incentives to overinvest in capital and to acquire excessive debt.     

The Impact of Mandated Disclosure on Performance‐Based CEO Compensation*

Regulators argue that mandated compensation disclosure improves corporate governance by permitting shareholders to enjoin boards of directors to reward executives in ways that are consistent with shareholder value creation. We posit that mandated compensation disclosure, or the absence thereof, has a greater impact on the CEO compensation practices of widely held firms than of closely held firms. More specifically, we expect that, in the absence of mandated disclosure, CEO compensation is likely to be less performance‐contingent among widely held firms than among closely held firms. Moreover, we also expect that the advent of mandated disclosure leads widely held firms to increase the extent to which CEO compensation is performance‐contingent, much more so than closely held firms would. We use a unique data base resulting from the Ontario Securities Commission amendment of regulation 638 in October 1993. For the first time, this amendment required firms listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange to provide detailed executive compensation data similar to those required by the Securities and Exchange Commission, for the current year as well as retroactively for the previous two years. We find that, in the absence of mandated disclosure, CEO cash compensation in widely held firms is less performance‐contingent than in closely held firms. With the imposition of mandated disclosure, performance‐contingent cash compensation increases more in widely held firms than in closely held firms. Results with respect to stock option grants are mixed, with both closely held and widely held firms reacting to the advent of mandated disclosure.     

关于我国生态环境补偿机制的税收政策思考

我国的生态环境补偿机制开始于1980年代初,但时至今日,环境污染仍显严重,生态环境补偿机制仍存缺陷。而税收政策是有效的生态补偿手段,我国现行税制中,可纳入生态税制的主要有6个税种:资源税、消费税、城市维护建设税、车船使用税、城镇土地使用税和耕地占有税。本文在分析我国构建生态环境补偿机制现状和必要性的基础上,通过借鉴国外关于构建生态环境补偿机制税收政策的经验,来建立和完善我国的税收政策,以服务生态环境补偿机制。     

经理人市场对高管薪酬的影响—来自高管跳槽现象的证据

基于2007－2014年A股上市公司数据，从高管跳槽现象的视角，对经理人市场如何影响高管薪酬进行探究。研究发现，公司在发生高管跳槽之后会显著提高现任高管的薪酬，尤其是基于股权的薪酬。现任高管的薪酬提升幅度与其在经理人市场上的流动性有关，也与跳槽高管的特征（对原公司的重要性、新工作的吸引力）有关。同时，通过引入倾向得分匹配（ PSM）模型，发现发生高管跳槽的公司在事前有显著的薪酬劣势，而事后的加薪使这些公司显著的薪酬劣势消失。另外，加薪措施能够有效地防止现任高管的跳槽。研究结果说明，经理人市场中的高管跳槽行为是公司薪酬政策的重要决定因素之一。     

上市金融企业高管薪酬体系及其监管制度催生

以我国上市金融企业为样本,采用实证研究的方法分析金融企业高管薪酬与绩效的相关性及其影响因素。研究发现,我国上市金融企业高管薪酬与公司绩效之间没有明显的相关性,高管的固定薪酬在整体薪酬中仍然占有较大比重并且相对稳定,其整体薪酬受到市场绩效指标影响的程度比财务绩效指标的程度高。这说明我国上市金融企业薪酬结构设计存在基本薪酬过于稳定且在整体薪酬中占比较高;薪酬设计缺乏弹性;对高管的薪酬激励主要以短期为主,缺乏与绩效挂钩的中长期激励等问题。须结合我国国情,对我国上市金融企业高管薪酬进行制度设计。     

我国上市民营企业的高管薪酬、真实盈余管理与审计费用相关性实证研究

本文以2015—2019年沪深主板上市民营企业为研究对象,分别实证研究了高管薪酬与真实盈余管理、真实盈余管理与审计费用的关系,并将三者放入同一研究体系中研究了高管薪酬的调节效应,结果表明:高管薪酬的提高可以抑制真实盈余管理;真实盈余管理与审计费用显著正相关;另外,高管薪酬会降低真实盈余管理与审计费用之间的相关性,因此,制定合理的薪酬机制十分必要。     

上市公司高管薪酬现实状况、变化趋势与决定因素:1999～2009

以1999～2009年中国上市公司的全样本面板数据,对中国上市公司高管薪酬的现实状况、变化趋势与决定因素分析表明,中国竞争性行业上市公司总经理的薪酬决定基本遵循了市场的决定逻辑,治理机制也发挥了一定的作用;而垄断性行业上市公司总经理的薪酬由于行业的行政性垄断性质,使其在决定机制上偏离了市场原则,尽管其利用政治激励等方式使其薪酬水平在绝对意义上相对较低,但这一措施却扭曲了公司治理机制的正常作用。在其他条件一定的情况下,企业的政府控制特别是中央政府控制,由于其委托-代理链条的延长,使企业高管薪酬比私有产权控制企业相对更高。     

Can Shareholders Be at Rest after Adopting Clawback Provisions? Evidence from Stock Price Crash Risk

Using a propensity score matched sample and a difference‐in‐differences research design, we find that stock price crash risk increases after a firm voluntarily incorporates clawback provisions in executive officers' compensation contracts. This heightened crash risk is concentrated in adopters that increase upward real activities‐based earnings management and those that reduce the readability of 10‐K reports. Based on cross‐sectional analyses, we also find that the increased crash risk is more pronounced for adopters with high ex ante fraud risk, low‐ability managers, high CEO equity incentives, and low dedicated institutional ownership. Collectively, our results suggest that the clawback adoption per se does not curb managerial opportunism but rather induces managers to use alternative channels for concealing bad news, which may contribute to a greater stock price crash risk; and the increase in crash risk is more likely in cases where incentives are strong or monitoring is weak. Our results should be of interest to regulators and policymakers considering the effects of clawback adoption on the investing public.     

Equilibrium Earnings Management,Incentive Contracts,and Accounting Standards*

In this paper, we model earnings management as a consequence of the interaction among self‐interested economic agents ‐ namely, the managers, the shareholders, and the regulators. In our model, a manager controls a stochastic production technology and makes periodic accounting reports about his or her performance; an owner chooses a compensation contract to induce desirable managerial inputs and reporting choices by the manager; and a regulatory body selects and enforces accounting standards to achieve certain social objectives. We show that various economic trade‐offs give rise to endogenous earnings management. Specifically, the owner may reduce agency costs by designing a compensation contract that tolerates some earnings management because such a contract allocates the compensation risk more efficiently. The earnings‐management activity produces accounting reports that deviate from those prescribed by accounting standards. Given such reports, the valuation of the firm may be nonlinear and s‐shaped, thereby recognizing the manager's reporting incentives. We also explore policy implications, noting that (1) the regulator may find enforcing a zero‐tolerance policy ‐ no earnings management allowed ‐ economically undesirable; and (2) when selecting the optimal accounting standard, valuation concerns may conflict with stewardship concerns. We conclude that earnings management is better understood in a strategic context that involves various economic trade‐offs.     

高管薪酬结构对经营绩效的影响

实证研究表明薪酬结构会影响公司的息税前利润和股票市场表现,但对传统上衡量盈利水平的净资产收益率影响不显著.同时包含年薪和持股权激励的薪酬结构可以促使高管关注公司短期目标和长期发展,减少高管人员利用职权侵占股东利益的行为,但是要把既领年薪又拥有持股权的高管人数控制在一定范围内才有利于提高管理的效率.     

经营环境、高管薪酬与会计信息质量

将我国转型时期企业外部经营环境和内部治理相结合,以2007—2014年沪深两市A股上市公司为样本,实证检验了经营环境对高管薪酬之于会计信息质量的影响。研究发现,经营环境越好,高管薪酬越高;企业经营环境对于高管薪酬之于会计信息质量具有显著的抑制作用;进一步回归结果表明,经营环境对民营企业高管薪酬之于会计信息质量的抑制作用比国有企业更强;另外,经营环境对保护性行业高管薪酬之于会计信息质量的影响明显小于竞争性行业。该研究结果丰富了会计信息质量影响因素的相关文献,不仅为宏观经营环境对微观企业的影响提供了经验证据,也为企业薪酬契约的设计提供参考依据。     

Long‐Run Trends in Australian Executive Remuneration: BHP, 1887–2012

Outside the United States, little is known of long‐run trends in executive compensation. We fill this gap by studying BHP Billiton, a resources giant that has long been one of the largest companies on the Australian stock market. From 1887 to 2012, trends in CEO and director remuneration (relative to average earnings) follow a U‐shape. This matches the pattern for US executive compensation, Australian top incomes, and (for the past two decades) average trends in executive compensation in top Australian firms. Like the United States, Australia experienced a post‐war ‘great compression’ prior to the recent ‘great divergence’.     

商业信用、高管薪酬与公司价值

利用A股上市公司2001—2010年的数据研究发现,商业信用能提高高管薪酬,但是不能提高公司价值。商业信用和高管薪酬在对公司价值起负作用时存在替代关系,这种替代关系在不同产权性质的企业并无明显差异。研究表明:当高管薪酬主要还是以业绩为基础,高管就有足够的动机利用商业信用制造"不真实的增长",从而达到获得高额报酬的目的,但是高管这一行为损害了股东的利益;商业信用和高管薪酬在降低公司价值的作用中存在替代关系,上市公司要在商业信用制度性安排和高管薪酬激励机制之间权衡。     

基于模糊博弈的盈余管理策略研究

不确定环境下研究盈余管理问题是一个新的研究课题。文章基于模糊策略问题,首先,根据管理者和股东双方的模糊策略信息,建立双方的模糊收益模型,进而建立基于模糊策略的双方博弈收益模型。然后,根据双方建立的模糊策略收益矩阵,给出基于模糊策略的双方博弈纳什均衡值求解方法,提出信息不对称环境下盈余管理的最优决策策略。最后,通过仿真算例验证该方法的可行性和有效性。     

我国上市公司高管薪酬与绩效相关性实证分析——基于“真空高管薪酬”理论

文章以中国社会科学院公布的2009年中国上市公司100强公司治理评价报告以及各公司公布年报的基本数据为依据,并以“真空高管薪酬”理论为理论分析基础,研究了我国上市公司高管薪酬与公司绩效的关系。通过实证检验,得出我国上市公司高管薪酬与公司绩效没有表现出显著的线性相关关系,因此建议应完善公司高管薪酬结构,以提高公司高管薪酬机制的有效性。