C.A.E.S. Student Prize Essay-1976

Commercial marketing of hogs in Manitoba has traditionally been characterized by great variability. This paper undertakes to analyze the major determinants of Manitoba's hog supply. A model is presented and the relative effectiveness of several possible stabilization programs is considered.
L'abbattage des porcs au Manitoba a toujours été trés variable. Cet article analyse les facteurs principaux qui détermine la production des porcs au Manitoba. Un modéle est proposé, et l'on discute l'efficacité relative de plusieurs programmes de stabilisation.     

U.S. AND E.E.C. POLICY ATTITUDES COMPARED TOWARDS THE 1977 INTERNATIONAL SUGAR AGREEMENT

The world sugar market is vulnerable to changes in Government domestic support policies: the impact of these policies for the volume of international trade is presented for the decade to 1978. Developments in U. S. and E. E. C. sugar policies and their implications for the world sugar market are analysed. The results of these policies for the negotiation and implementation of the 1977 International Sugar Agreement are examined.     

E.E.C. FISHERIES POLICY

This paper looks at the special characteristics of the fishing industry which distinguish it from the rest of the ‘agricultural’ sector and which have made its organisation at E.E.C. level both politically and economically difficult. It examines the reasons for the moves behind the creation of a common fisheries policy, the difficulties which the Community of nine (and subsequently ten) countries had in adapting to rules worked out previously by the Six, the subsequent protracted negotiations and the eventual achievement of the new policy which was agreed in January, 1983. The details of the new Common Fisheries Policy are then outlined with possible future problems in the implementation of the policy as well as the opportunities it provides described by way of conclusion.     

欧盟共同农业粮食政策大改革

一、农业和粮食面临的新挑战 　　“欧盟”的前身是 1958年创立的欧洲经济共同体,目前其成员国已由 6个扩大到 15个。 　　1．粮食干预价格导致粮食库存量过大 ,财政补贴负担沉重 　　到 1998年 ,欧盟 15国的总面积为 323 63万平方公里 ,总人口 37458 3万人 ,农业利用总面积 12869 1万公顷 ,农业企业总数量 698 9万个 ,农业企业平均规模为 18 4公顷 ,农业总产值达 2134 67亿埃居 ,粮食自给率 117 5％ (不含大米 ,大米仅为 67 4％ ) ,食糖 138％ ,肉类为 108％ (包括牛肉 112％ ,猪肉 107％ ,禽肉 111％ ,羊肉 82％ )…     

STRUCTURAL POLICIES FOR AGRICULTURE IN THE E.E.C.

The outcome of the Common Agricultural Policy, with its “managed” market for farm products, has been high prices and surplus production, the disposal of which incurs a heavy expenditure on market support. At the same time, structural changes have been relatively insignifcant in the absence of a coherent E.E.C. programme, and, farms remain predominantly small and uneconomic. Financial and social pressures have compelled the Comission of the E.E.C. to admit that the Common Agricultural Policy needs to be radically re-appraised. In December 1968, far-reaching proposals, the so-called “Mansholt Plan”, were put forward by the Comission. This paper outlines and compares the structural policies of E.E.C. member States, and considers their impact upon the structure of farming. An assessment is also made of the measures included in the Mansholt Plan and in subsequent Community proposals designed to raise farmers' living standards and to reduce the cost of the Common Agricultural Policy.     

THE A.E.S.: A COMMENTARY ON ITS PAST,PRESENT AND FUTURE

This commentary, written during the Society's fiftieth anniversary year, describes its origins and early activities and traces the evolution of its Conferences and the Journal of Agricultural Economics. It comments on the professional and non-professional achievements of the Society to date, and briefly, considers the future. Emphasis is given to the Society itself rather than to individual members although a series of appendices list many of the individuals who have been especially involved in the conduct of the Society's affairs.     

Some implications of generalised C.E.S. production functions for normative effects of output prices and shifts in supply schedules

Abstract

This paper studies the demand for hired casual labour under production risk for a sample of Indian cultivators. A simple static household model under production risk is constructed to yield the demand for hired labour function. A detailed discussion of the various technological and non‐technological regressors is then presented. Empirical results reveal that the risk variables do not have a significant influence on hiring‐in behaviour. This result is important since the theoretical literature shows that a marginal increase in risk would lead to a decline in the demand for labour. Further, caste factors do not appear to influence hiring‐in, contrary to evidence for eastern India. Land‐augmenting technological factors appear to be the most important in explaining rightward shifts in the demand curve over time.     

A Microeconometric Analysis of the U.S. Meat Demand

Price and expenditure elasticities and estimates of the effect of household demographic variables on U.S. meat demand are estimated using the newly released 1987–88 USDA household food consumption survey data. The USDA survey for the first time included variables reflecting respondents' concerns for health and diet information. A hybrid demand system, which combines a modified generalized addilog system and a level version Rotterdam demand system, is developed as the analytical framework. The micro econometric analysis takes into consideration the consumer selection problem, the missing-price problem, and the aggregation and quality variation problem. The most significant household characteristic and socio-economic variables are region, ethnic background, household size, urbanization, food planner, received health information, female household head employment status and proportion of food expenditure on away-from-home consumption. The results support the speculation of other time-series meat demand studies claiming both health concerns and convenience are the reasons for changes in consumer preference in favor of poultry and fish and in disfavor of red meat.     

美国房地产模式也非灵丹妙药

<正>目前,美国的房地产开发是地产与金融相合作,以金融运作为核心,形成一条横向价值链,构成以专业细分见长的"美国模式"。美国模式代表了西方发达国家房地产开发的主流模式。美国商业房地产发展模式的特点是房地产金融产业链、开发产业链、中介产业链和流通产业链非常完整并相互协调发展,其核心是金融运作而非开发营建。以房地产基金(REITs)为主的金融产业链非常发达,开发商是吸引资金、把控中介和流通的组织者。