试论自然资源系统的基本特征

本文在归纳和总结资源科学和系统科学的基础上,重点分析和探讨了自然资源系统的8大基本特征:整体性、开放性、稳定性、变动性、非线性、远离平衡态,能观测性和能控制性。提出自然资源系统是一个远离平衡态的非线性开放系统,这为合理开发、综合利用自然资源奠定了一定理论基础。     

自然资源环境一体化体系刍议

从自然资源与环境的关系入手，分析了建立资源与环境一体化体系的必要性和基本框架。建立资源环境一体化体系，就要改变资源和环境低价的认识，建立并完善资源和环境有偿使用体系；在环境治理的过程中以提高资源的综合利用率为目标，将环境治理与资源保护相统一；在资源的高效合理利用中保护环境；在资源环境问题特别严重的区域建立以流域为单元的资源环境一体化管理体系。     

再生资源产业、环保产业与浙江丽水生态经济的关系

论述了再生资源产业、环保产业与丽水生态经济发展的关系：环保产业与再生资源产业是区域经济发展的统一体;再生资源产业是保护良好生态环境、保持区域经济快速发展的重要支撑;再生资源产业是生态优势持续的有力保障,更是丽水生态经济发展的特色路经;再生资源产业和环保产业殊途同归,助推和促进丽水生态经济发展。     

Approaching reality: Comparing stakeholder analysis and cultural theory in the context of natural resource management

Increased pressure on ecosystems and enhanced competition over the use of natural resources makes it necessary to develop sustainable methods for natural resource management (NRM). However, NRM is a complicated issue. It involves numerous stakeholders, with different needs, resources and perceptions of nature. Stakeholder participation will necessarily be selective, based both on theoretical assumptions about who is a legitimate stakeholder and unevenly distributed power among stakeholders. Although stakeholder involvement is important, sometimes the theory appears to be rather blunt. It has been suggested that, since different categories of stakeholders embody different perceptions of nature, cultural theory could provide important additional criteria for stakeholder involvement. Based on field studies in Naivasha, Kenya, this paper analyses pros and cons of stakeholder analysis and investigates the usefulness of cultural theory for improved stakeholder analysis.     

海洋高新技术产业与海洋传统产业间溢出效应分析

文章在对文献梳理的基础上,对海洋高新技术产业进行了界定,运用菲德模型对海洋高新技术产业和海洋传统产业的关系进行检验,并且用格兰杰因果关系检验验证了海洋高新技术产业同海洋传统产业存在单向因果关系。结果表明,海洋高新产业对海洋传统产业具有正的溢出效应冲击,海洋传统产业是海洋高新产业发展的格兰杰原因。     

兰州鲇资源量的影响因素及自然种群恢复措施探讨

兰州鲇(Silurus lanzhouensis)属于中国特有世界濒危鱼类,仅分布在黄河中上游水域,由于黄河水域生态环境的破坏,兰州鲇资源量急剧下降。本文对该物种栖息水域环境质量状况、肌体受重金属污染状况及影响兰州鲇资源量的主要环境因素和种质因素进行了深入分析,提出了控制COD排放,治理Hg、Zn和Pb污染,加强渭河、沣河等黄河主要支流水域环境的综合治理,划定禁渔期和禁渔区,建立兰州鲇种质资源保护区和原种场,开展人工增殖放流等兰州鲇自然种群恢复的具体措施,以期为有效保护黄河濒危鱼类资源提供技术支撑。     

Using visual products derived from community research to inform natural resource management policy

People living near remote protected areas seldom have their perspectives considered in decision-making on conservation and development. A consequent challenge for researchers and practitioners is engaging with policy-makers about local peoples’ perspectives, in ways that will capture their attention and influence the decisions they make. Some authors claim that visual products have potential for providing such a means, i.e. in communicating ‘local’ messages to policy-makers. In this study we used action research to explore the use of visual products - derived from participatory community research - to communicate local perspectives to policy. Hypermedia DVDs, containing videos, photos, diagrams and text, were used with policy-stakeholders in interviews and group activities. Most participants reacted positively to the DVDs and indicated that visual products provided credible and valuable insight into findings, grounded in local knowledge. The main strength of the DVDs was to provide engaging messages, in a format that allowed integration of knowledge co-constructed by local people and researchers. They were found to be a versatile medium for use with a range of viewers with different needs, as well as a valuable platform to enhance discussion and understanding needed in developing sound policy in natural resource management. We also found the ‘processes’, used in creating DVDs and presenting them to policy-makers markedly influenced the effectiveness of visual products. We suggest that in working with broad and complex areas in NRM, these types of visual products have the best potential in shifting conceptual thinking and generating ideas and awareness among policy-stakeholders, rather than as a means of recommending specific policy.     

The evolution of Australia's natural resource management programs: Towards improved targeting and evaluation of investments

This paper examines the evolution of Australia's natural resource management programs over the past two decades. The story is one of major paradigmatic shifts with implications for the design and operation of similar programs worldwide. Since 1983, Australian Governments have approved the National Soil Conservation Program, the National Landcare Program, the Natural Heritage Trust, the National Action Plan for Salinity and Water Quality and a new program called Caring for Our Country. These programs have seen a transition from the early days of attitude change to the creation of new regional institutions and direct payment systems for environmental stewardship. Despite these advances recent audit reports have mirrored those from the United States and the Europe. They identify problems of ineffective targeting, monitoring and evaluation of expenditure. This paper considers the efficiency and effectiveness of alternative program designs in Australia. Two major design improvements are suggested: (a) systems for linking expenditure to outcomes and (b) adopting standardised metrics for valuing outcomes. This will permit the application of benefit-cost and cost-effectiveness analysis and, ultimately, improved returns on investment.     

Potential of woody biomass production for motivating widespread natural resource management under climate change

In this study we assessed the potential of woody biomass (short-rotation Mallee Eucalypts) for renewable energy generation as an economically viable way of motivating widespread natural resource management under climate change in the 11.9 million ha Lower Murray agricultural region in southern Australia. The spatial distribution of productivity of agricultural crops and pasture, and biomass was modelled. Average annual economic returns were calculated under historical mean (baseline) climate and three climate change scenarios. Economically viable areas of biomass production were identified where the profitability of biomass is greater than the profitability of agriculture under each scenario for three factory gate biomass prices. The benefits of biomass production for dryland salinisation, wind erosion, and carbon emissions reduction through biomass-based renewable energy production were also modelled. Depending on climate scenario, at the median price assessed ($40/tonne) biomass production can generate $51.4–$88 M in annual net economic returns, address 41,226–165,577 ha at high risk of dryland salinisation and 228,000–1.4 million ha at high risk of wind erosion, and mitigate 10.4–12 million tonnes of carbon (CO₂^−e) emissions annually. Economically viable areas for biomass production expanded under climatic warming and drying especially in more marginal agricultural land. Under the baseline, the area at high risk of dryland salinisation was more than double that at high risk of wind erosion. However, under climatic warming and drying the relative importance of these two natural resource management objectives switched with the area at high risk of wind erosion becoming much larger. As biomass production can achieve multiple natural resource management objectives, it may provide a land use policy option that is adaptable to changing priorities and economically resilient given climatic uncertainties. For such a significant and enduring land use change policy it is prudent to assess both the economic and environmental potential under climate change.     

海洋生物资源资产价值评估方法与资源管理探讨

为探索在市场经济条件下海洋生物资源的管理途径,从而更加合理地保护和利用海洋生物资源,论文针对我国在海域占用、环境污染损失影响评估以及海洋生物资源利用中存在的问题,利用文献综合分析与归纳法探讨了海洋生物资源资产的价值构成,认为我国海洋生物资源资产价值应当包括经济价值(Aj)、生态价值(As)、文化价值(Aw)以及其他价值(Aq)。在此基础上提出了相应的海洋生物资源资产的价值综合评估计算模型(A=∑_(i=1)~nAi,Ai=Aji+Asi+Awi+Aqi),以期为我国在涉海工程占用海域、海洋污染等生境胁迫对海洋生物资源造成影响时,提供价值评估方法。同时,建议我国在海洋生物资源管理中,应积极探索渔业资源有偿利用的管理措施并不断完善资产价值评估标准和方法。     

Donning Coase‐coloured glasses: a property rights view of natural resource economics*

Economic analysis of natural resource and environmental issues inappropriately places too much emphasis on Pigouvian externalities and too little on Coasean property rights and transaction costs. The crucial questions are who has what property rights and what are the transaction costs associated with these property rights. Asserting an externality implicitly assumes a set of property rights and hence a distribution of the social costs, but it is precisely a lack of property rights that allows decision makers to ignore social costs. By viewing natural resource and environmental problems through a Coasean lens, we better focus our attention on how property rights evolve, how they influence transaction costs, and how those transaction costs affect the potential for bargaining to minimise social costs.     

农村税费改革之症结--基于财税体制与政府管制方面的分析

农村税费改革作为我国经济体制改革的一个重要组成部分,其根本出路在于放松以至彻底解除各种不合理的管制政策。在一定程度上,财政体制改革只是放松政府管制的一个配套措施和附带结果。但“放松管制”也绝非是一个简单的问题。本文在财税体制与政府管制方面对农村税费改革进行了初步的探讨。     

中小企业应对“营改增”税收政策探析

我国自2016年5月1号全面实施征收营业税改为增值税以来,引起中小企业的税收负担显著变化。通过对营改增税收政策主要内容的介绍,对不同类别纳税人及不同行业中小企业税收负担进行分析,提出了中小企业应对营改增政策的对策建议。     

Piloting a systematic framework for public investment in regional natural resource management: Dryland salinity in Australia

The Salinity Investment Framework (SIF3) is designed to help environmental managers make better policy decisions about protecting key assets under threat of dryland salinity, a major degradation problem in Australia. This study reports results from applying SIF3 in partnership with two regional organizations (in the states of Victoria and Western Australia) with contrasting institutional powers and structures. We also engaged relevant policy makers with a view to influencing national policy. Available knowledge, science, and data were used to develop region-specific recommendations for public investment in salinity management. SIF3 proved easy to apply, requiring minimal changes from its original version. Establishing trust and credibility with stakeholders was extremely important. More time was required to be spent on communicating what SIF3 was and what it would mean for stakeholders than in applying it in the catchments. In both regions, recommendations included making a clear distinction between localized assets (such as a particular wetland) and dispersed assets (such as agricultural land as a whole); more targeted investment in spatially identified localized assets; using a broader range of policy tools; basing recommendations on the levels of public and private net benefits; anticipating the adoptability of sustainable land-management practices; and formally integrating relevant scientific, economic and social information with community values. The differences between current action and recommendations were significant in both regions, particularly in Victoria. As a result of our work both regions have decided to implementing a similar asset-based approach covering various environmental threats in addition to dryland salinity. The research indicates that it is feasible to use decision frameworks such as SIF3 to improve the rigour of decision making by community-based environmental management organizations. A broader range of policy tools are needed for dryland salinity, with less reliance on extension and small grants, and more emphasis on intervention around key assets and investment in technology development. We have influenced policy makers to some extent at state level and nationally through discussion of SIF3 in a national inquiry, preparation of a policy paper for peak multi-government policy committees, briefings and provision of advice on policy design. Despite this, achieving significant policy change at the state and national levels remains difficult for a number of reasons. Governments give limited signals to environmental managers to achieve environmental outcomes, being more concerned with community participation objectives and political considerations. We hope for significant policy change with increased scrutiny about sound decision making and public accountability.     

A typology of graziers to inform a more targeted approach for developing natural resource management policies and agricultural extension programs

The use of landholder typologies to assist in the development of natural resource management (NRM) policies and agricultural extension programs has increased considerably in the past decade. In this paper we explore the potential of developing a typology of graziers to more effectively tailor policies and programs with the aim of improving land management outcomes. This is of particular importance since growing public concern about the environmental performance of the beef industry has led to increasing pressures on graziers to change their land management practices to decrease off-property impacts. To gain a better understanding of graziers’ land management practices and the factors that inform their decisions on how they manage their land we first developed a conceptual model of the relationship between grazier and grazing land where both can, ideally, thrive through conscious and timely land management decisions made and implemented by the grazier. A successful grazier land relationship is likely to be consistent with value systems and social and economic factors, although the particulars of any individual approach may vary spatially and temporally. These factors, in particular graziers’ values and motivations to follow a particular management strategy, guided the development of our typology of graziers. Australia's Bowen-Broken basin, which has been identified as a major contributor of sediment and nutrients that enter the Great Barrier Reef lagoon, served as a case study for this research. Three broad types of graziers emerged: (1) traditionalists, (2) diversifiers, and (3) innovators. The authors argue that by understanding graziers’ values and motivations underlying each of the grazier types, government agencies and NRM organisations can more effectively tailor their policy and extension programs towards specific types of graziers and can work with specific groups to achieve reductions in sediment and nutrient runoff from grazing properties.     

Impact of domestic content requirement on the US tobacco and cigarette industries

Using a log-linear equilibrium displacement model we quantify the impact of the recent domestic tobacco content requirement on US cigarette manufacturing. We investigate effects on US growers and manufacturers, and competing tobacco imports. The policy increased domestic use of US-grown tobacco, but induced a small negative output effect. Tobacco imports decreased substantially. The paper also discusses the political–economic incentives for US manufacturers to comply with such policies. The political cooperation between US growers and manufacturers decreases the opposition of the latter to protectionist policies championed by the former.     

世界鲟鱼资源及养殖前景

作者于１９９７年７月７日至１２日应邀参加了意大利米兰地区召开的第三届国际鲟鱼会议。本文报道了该次会议简况,同时,从鲟鱼资源、鲟鱼人工繁殖、鱼种培育、成鱼养殖技术等方面,全面分析了当前世界鲟鱼养殖现状及发展前景     

农业税取消后新型涉农税制体系探析

本文首先阐述了涉农税制构建应遵循的原则,然后在此基础上提出了以农产品增值税、农业所得税和土地资源使用税为主体的新型涉农税制体系,最后分析了相关的配套改革措施。     

环境税与环境保护

人口的增长及经济的发展使环境问题成为各国政府及各行各业关注的焦点 ,尽管投入了大量的人财物力 ,但收效不佳。为了有效地解决环境问题 ,部分专家提出了利用环境税加强环境保护的建议。本文分析了我国与环境资源相关的税收 ,提出了改革设想 ,同时对我国实行环境税的有利及不利因素进行分析 ,阐明了环境税与环境保护的关系。     

公司的税收筹划与管理

税收筹划是指在税法规定的范围内,利用税收法规所赋予的税收优惠或选择机会,通过对公司日常经营、投资、理财活动的事先筹划和安排,尽可能地取得"节税"的税收利益,达到税负最轻或最佳,以获得最大的税收利益的一种财务管理方式.该文主要结合个人的工作实践就纳税筹划的目的、公司税收筹划的原则和公司税收筹划的应用及效果进行了分析,并提出了做好纳税筹划管理工作的具体措施.