数字乡村、网络溢出和农业绿色全要素生产率

目的 探索数字乡村发展对农业绿色全要素生产率的影响及作用机制,为实现农业高质量发展提供新的经验依据。方法 文章基于2014—2020年中国31个省（市、自治区,不含港澳台）面板数据,分别利用信息熵指数法和数据包络分析法对数字乡村发展水平和农业绿色全要素生产率进行测度,运用修正的引力模型和社会网络分析法识别数字乡村发展水平的网络关联特征,在此基础上通过所识别的非对称空间网络权重,构建时空双固定的空间杜宾模型探讨数字乡村发展对农业绿色全要素生产率的网络溢出效应。结果 （1）数字乡村发展水平较高的省份主要分布在长三角、京津冀及珠三角地区,分省数字乡村发展水平在样本期内均呈不同程度的上升趋势,但省份间差异明显。（2）省际之间数字乡村发展水平的联系,已超越地缘意义上的相近,呈现为复杂、多线程的空间网络结构,网络溢出效应较为明显。（3）基于空间关联网络,数字乡村存在显著的空间自相关性,能显著提高当地农业绿色全要素生产率,但对相关联省份具有负向溢出效应。结论 各地应将数字乡村作为推动农业高质量发展的重要抓手,适度有序推进自身的数字乡村发展进程;与此同时,重视数字乡村的协调发展,减少因区域发展不平衡而产生的空间负外部性,根据各省域数字乡村发展的空间关联规律,制定差异化的数字乡村发展政策。     

长江流域农业生态经济系统耦合协调关系评价及其差异化分析

目的 考察长江流域农业生态经济系统耦合协调发展水平及其差异化特征,对实现长江流域乃至全国农业农村现代化都具有重要的意义。方法 文章基于2004—2018年长江流域省级面板数据,分别构建了农业生态经济系统综合评价指标体系,采用CRITIC—熵权组合权重法测算两者的综合发展水平,结合耦合协调度模型和Dagum基尼系数法,对两者耦合协调发展水平及其差异特征进行系统性分析。结果 （1）2004—2018年长江流域农业生态经济系统综合发展水平均呈上升态势,但农业经济系统发展较为滞后,且两者在总体上、区域间、省份间各有差异。（2）长江流域农业生态经济系统具有高度耦合特征,且耦合度呈现波动上升趋势,但不同区域表现有所差别。（3）长江流域农业生态经济系统的协调发展水平整体上呈阶梯式上升,协调等级常年稳定在初级协调状态,且中游相较于上、下游协调发展水平更好,区域内差异更小。（4）长江流域农业生态经济系统耦合协调发展水平总体差异呈现出波动走势,且基尼系数有扩大趋势,超变密度贡献率均值最大,但在考察期内,区域间差异与超变密度轮换构成影响长江流域农业生态经济系统协调发展水平差异的主要因素。结论 应加快现代农业发展步伐,提高农业经济效益,突破区域发展壁垒,推动农业资源要素在自由流动,激发区域农业生态经济协同发展新动能,进一步缩小农业生态经济协调发展水平的区域间差异。     

山西省农业生态经济系统协调发展及障碍因子分析

目的 以山西省为例,探究其农业生态经济系统协调发展水平、演变规律以及限制因素,对加快山西省农业全要素融合、促进农业高质量可持续发展具有重要意义。方法 文章综合运用熵值法、耦合协调发展模型和限制因子识别模型,从山西省市两级分别分析2010—2020年农业资源利用—生态环境—经济发展系统（REE系统）耦合协调度和障碍因子,探究其发展水平、演变规律以及限制因素。结果 （1）研究期间全省层面农业REE系统处于较低至中等水平,变化趋势是先降低后增加。其中农业经济发展有所提升,生态环境得到一定改善,但资源利用水平呈现下降趋势。耦合协调等级：2010—2012年轻度失调,2013—2016年进入濒临失调阶段,2017—2020年提升为勉强协调。（2）区域层面,以太原市发展水平最高,并向轻度协调发展过渡;阳泉市和运城市表现为最低水平;其他地区为较低水平。变化趋势以太原市、大同市增速稳定,忻州市、临汾市和吕梁市3市发展波动性较大。耦合协调等级：太原市、大同市、长治市3市为勉强协调型;晋城市、晋中市2市为濒临失调型;其他6市均为轻度失调型。（3）障碍因子识别包含13个主要指标。结论 山西省农业REE系统整体水平为较低到中等,耦合度高,耦合协调度相对低,协调等级逐年优化,表现为有序发展趋势。近年来山西省农业资源型经济转型取得一定进展,但资源对经济发展的支撑作用正在减弱,约束作用开始突显,尤其表现在产业结构、水资源、耕地资源、环境污染和治理等方面,区域尤以晋西南地区的吕梁市、临汾市和运城市为重,产业结构优化和资源环境改善等发展模式有待加强。     

基于熵权-TOPSIS法的乡村发展评价及障碍因子诊断

目的 基于《国家乡村振兴战略规划（2018—2022年）》的主要考核指标,系统剖析全国31个省（市、自治区）乡村振兴水平空间差异及其障碍因子,对掌握乡村发展实绩、发现乡村发展短板,纠正乡村发展偏差具有重要意义。方法 文章采用熵权TOPSIS评估当前背景下乡村发展现状;运用“障碍度”模型,探讨影响乡村发展水平提升的障碍因素。结果 （1）北京、上海、天津、江苏、浙江、广州等地区的乡村综合发展水平与城市经济状况密切相关。粮食综合生产能力与乡村旅游发展水平高的农业省,产业兴旺水平较高,经济发达地区、生态农业省生态宜居。尽管全国乡风文明水平并不高,仅上海、北京为理想状态,但全国乡村治理水平较高,生活富裕水平与城市经济和乡村农业发展水平关联紧密。（2）主要障碍因子分为4类。产业类：农业技术贡献率、乡村旅游发展水平、农药化肥施用强度、粮食综合生产能力;生活类：农村自来水普及率、农村信息化程度、农村恩格尔系数;生态类：农村公共厕所卫生情况、村生活污水处理程度;治理类：农村家庭美德覆盖率、乡村治理参与程度。北京、上海、天津等城市经济发达的地区障碍因子主要为产业类与生活类。结论 基于上述结果,各地区各部门在乡村振兴实施过程中应定期监测、评估乡村振兴的实施绩效,及时发现乡村振兴的短板,确保乡村振兴战略实施的每一步高质有效。     

乡村旅游发展与石漠化治理、乡村振兴成效耦合协调研究基于黔南州喀斯特地区的实证

目的 通过对黔南州乡村旅游发展与石漠化治理、乡村振兴成效的耦合协调关系研究,对该地区乡村经济社会发展具有重要意义。方法 文章在构建发展水平指标的基础上,采用熵值法和层次分析法评价2005—2019年三者系统的发展状况,通过耦合模型计算乡村旅游发展与石漠化治理,乡村旅游发展与乡村振兴的耦合协调度。结果 （1）黔南州石漠化治理、乡村旅游发展和乡村振兴成效的综合发展水平均呈显著上升趋势,三者系统发展均受国家政策影响较强。（2）黔南州乡村旅游发展和石漠化治理的耦合大致由低水平高速率发展阶段向高水平低速率发展阶段演化。两者系统耦合协调等级由严重失调逐步发展为中间协调。（3）乡村旅游发展与乡村振兴成效的耦合度大致分为低水平低速率发展阶段、低水平高速率发展阶段和高水平低速率发展阶段。两者系统协调等级由中度失调逐步发展为中间协调,尚存在一定提升空间。结论 高质量发展乡村旅游产业是助推黔南州乡村经济高质量发展的优选之路。     

农业科技园区的经济发展带动效应——来自河北省县域的实证评估

目的 农业科技园区作为农业现代化的示范基地,发挥着拓展农业功能、促进农业经济增长的作用。文章将评估农业科技园区的经济发展带动效应。方法 将农业科技园区视为一项“准自然实验”,以2007—2020年河北省167个区县的面板数据为研究样本,运用多期双重差分模型,评估了河北省省级以上农业科技园区对农业经济的影响。结果 （1）农业科技园区总体上显著提高了农业产值,从而有效带动当地农业经济发展水平,这一结论在经过安慰剂检验、稳健性检验后依然稳健。（2）机制分析表明,农业科技园区能够通过科技创新促进农业经济的发展;异质性分析结果显示,农业科技园区对农业经济的影响在不同等级、不同地理空间、不同行政层级中存在差异。结论 河北省应继续加大农业科技园区的建设力度,持续提升科技园区创新水平以助力实现河北省农业高质量发展。     

超大城市乡村振兴与乡村治理耦合协调性及障碍度研究——以北京市为例

目的 乡村治理效能的提升是实施乡村振兴和实现国家治理体系现代化的重要根基,研究超大城市乡村振兴和乡村治理的耦合协调发展对促进乡村地区社会经济可持续高质量发展具有积极作用。方法 文章选取拥有超大城市典型特征的北京市为例,通过构建北京市乡村振兴与乡村治理发展水平评价体系,以熵值法和加权法对2001—2020年乡村振兴与乡村治理发展水平展开了评价,采用耦合协调度模型,探讨两者之间的耦合发展演变规律,运用障碍度诊断模型对制约北京市乡村振兴和乡村治理水平的障碍因子进行了分析。结果 （1）2001—2020年北京市乡村振兴处于良好的发展态势,其中地区生产总值、农林牧渔业产值和教育经费是制约该市乡村振兴发展进程中的主要障碍因子。（2）同时北京市乡村治理评价分值呈现为扩散的“W”型结构,2009—2018年乡村治理协调指数呈现先上升后下降的缓慢发展阶段,直到2019年,开始呈现较为明显的上升趋势,其中农村居民家庭人均收入、农村居民家庭恩格尔系数和水土流失治理面积是该超大城市乡村治理水平的主要障碍因素。（3）2001—2020年北京市乡村治理和乡村振兴的耦合协调度整体呈现上升趋势。结论 超大城市乡村区域需要不断提升农业现代化水平,继续加强乡村基础设施建设和乡村生态建设,改善乡村生态环境,创新治理方式,提高自治能力;充分发挥治理内生动力,挖掘乡土文化价值;促进产业振兴,实现人才回流,以协调乡村治理和乡村振兴共同发展。     

黄土丘陵沟壑区城乡协调发展研究

目的 受区域条件和城乡二元体制的制约,黄土丘陵沟壑区城乡发展滞后。新时期,亟待厘清区域城乡关系现状,为乡村振兴和区域协调发展战略的实施提供依据。方法 文章以黄土丘陵沟壑区57个区县为研究对象,分别构建县域城镇化和乡村发展水平评价指标体系,利用耦合协调模型探讨2000—2015年区域城乡发展的协调状况,结合相关分析探析“城”和“乡”对城乡协调发展的影响。结果 （1）区域城乡发展失衡,“城进村衰”问题加重。乡村人口系统、经济系统、社会系统和资源系统虽略有发展,但环境系统有一定程度衰退,而城镇化水平在各方面均取得较大发展。（2）区域城乡互动关系已趋稳定,城乡耦合模式以“中—中—高”、“中—低—高”为主。城乡发展协调水平总体较低,以勉强协调、初级协调为主。2000—2015年,区域城乡发展协调度空间差异明显缩小。（3）城镇化对区域城乡协调发展起主导作用,而乡村的作用较弱。结论 乡村发展滞后是制约区域城乡协调发展的主要原因,发挥乡村资源优势、加强乡村环境治理、激发乡村内生动力将有助于提高乡村发展水平、促进城乡协调发展。该研究有助于理解区域城乡关系现状,为区域协调发展和乡村振兴相关决策提供参考。     

基于融合发展业态的乡村产业潜力分析

目的 产业融合是新时期农村农业发展的载体,通过对乡村产业融合的路径探索,构建产业融合评价指标体系,以期对融合发展业态下的哈尔滨乡村产业发展提供合理的参考建议。方法 文章运用熵值法计算哈尔滨市乡村产业融合发展指数,分析其发展趋势;在此基础上,运用灰色关联度探究其系统指标对农民增收、农业增效的影响。结果 哈尔滨市乡村产业融合程度在逐渐加深,尤其在2014—2017年,其乡村产业融合发展处于快速增长期,而随着乡村振兴战略规划实施和农业供给侧改革的不断深化,乡村产业融合逐渐实现由量到质的转变;休闲农业产值、农业合作社、特色农业种植面积、科技进步贡献率、农业机械总动力等在提升哈尔滨农业整体效益上具有重要推动作用,其贡献率主要来自于农业多功能型拓展。结论 （1）哈尔滨市乡村产业融合发展趋势良好,且表现出极大的发展潜力,但从贡献率来看,加强农业产业链延伸是现阶段促进哈尔滨乡村产业融合发展的重要路径。（2）协调城乡发展关系,降低乡村产业生产成本,使农民真正从农业产业链中获益是哈尔滨乡村产业融合的关键。（3）哈尔滨乡村产业融合发展过程中,农业多功能型拓展发展相对较好,但仍处于初级阶段,有较大发展潜力。（4）哈尔滨市在农业产业价值提升上应结合精准扶贫、乡村振兴等政策要求,在有限资源的情况下有效提升农村产业融合效率。     

农业绿色发展背景下资源—环境—经济耦合协调发展研究——以江西为例

目的 探求江西省农业资源—生态环境—社会经济耦合协调发展规律,为农业绿色发展提供理论依据。方法 文章以江西省为例,通过构建农业资源、生态环境和社会经济3个维度20个指标的农业绿色发展评价指标体系,运用熵值法与耦合协调度模型探究2008—2019年江西省11个市农业绿色发展的耦合关系及其时空演绎规律。结果 （1）时序特征上,江西省各市级农业绿色发展水平逐年稳步上升,农业绿色发展综合评价指数从2008年的的0.280 4上升为2019年的0.441 6;空间特征上,农业绿色发展水平达到高速发展水平的市级数量不断增多,整体发展水平不断提升,且东北区域农业绿色发展水平明显高于其他区域。（2）2019年江西省各市级在农业绿色发展过程中农业资源、生态环境、社会经济子系统各有短板和优势,农业资源、生态环境、社会经济得分最高的分别是抚州、景德镇、抚州;得分最低的分别是萍乡、新余、鹰潭。（3）江西省各市级农业绿色发展水平耦合度处于高耦合水平阶段,耦合协调度从轻度失调阶段过渡到中度协调阶段。结论 江西省农业绿色发展水平朝着有序方向发展,但仍然有很大的提升空间。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.