沂蒙山地质公园地质遗迹资源特征及定量评价

保护地质遗迹是建立地质公园的宗旨之一,地质遗迹评价是地质公园规划和保护地质遗迹的重要基础。在全面调查沂蒙山地质公园地质遗迹的基础上,深入分析了地质遗迹的重要特征,将公园内地质遗迹分为6大类、11类、12亚类。对地质遗迹定量评价方法进行了创新,增加了当地居民和游客的评价因子,并充分考虑了各评价因子的权重,从而使评价结果更客观准确。结果显示沂蒙山地质公园内地质遗迹类型多样,资源丰富,且均具有典型性、稀有性和自然完整性等特征,其中世界级地质遗迹4处,国家级地质遗迹5处。泰山岩群、新太古代的多期侵入岩体、金伯利岩型原生金刚石矿和岱崮地貌是沂蒙山地质公园内最重要的地质遗迹,其中大部分在科学研究中具有国内和国际意义。研究结果对于沂蒙山地质公园内地质遗迹的保护以及当地旅游事业的发展都具有十分重要的意义,对申报和创建沂蒙山世界地质公园也有一定的指导作用。     

地质公园的建设及其发展

地质公园是以具有特殊科学意义、稀有性和美学观赏价值的地质遗迹为主体,并融合其他自然景观、人文景观组合而成的特殊区域。国家地质公园的建设,是我国地质工作的新进展,是地质遗迹资源保护和地方经济发展的需要。建设国家地质公园,应首先做好规划、加强管理,并同时落实资金,提高管理人员素质,提高民众的地质公园意识。并强调建设地质公园、保护地质遗迹的目的性。     

中国地质公园文化资源特征及建设与发展构想

我国的国家地质公园数量多、增长速度快;专业类型丰富,但结构不平衡;数量分布不均;等级结构不合理,后备资源不足;人文资源丰富,但科学内涵不足.必须加快地质遗迹资源的调查评价,统筹协调地质公园的类型与空间分布,加强基础研究,提升地质公园的科学内涵,挖掘地质公园的文化内涵,促进地质公园文化资源向文化产业转化,建立地质公园文化资源共享平台.     

广元朝天地质公园地质遗迹景观评价及旅游开发研究

地质遗迹景观的评价对于地质公园的有效保护及合理开发具有重要的指导意义.在确定研究区域范围的基础上,对朝天地质公园主要地质遗迹景观以景型-景域-景段-景元-景点为不同等级类型进行了分类,并对嘉陵江三峡、龙洞背、穿洞庵、广元嘉陵江东岸三叠-侏罗系剖面、明月峡菊石动物群等几个重要的地质遗迹景观进行了定性评价,进而提出了地质公园旅游开发与园区建设的对策,为其进一步发展提供有益思路.     

嵩山世界地质公园地质遗迹评价与保护

地质遗迹评价与保护是地质公园建设和可持续发展的前提和基础,在对嵩山世界地质公园地质遗迹实地考察的基础上,参照《旅游资源分类、调查与评价》中规定的旅游资源评价细则,建立了适合地质遗迹评价的体系和标准,结合改进后的菲什拜因-罗森伯格模型,对公园内的地质遗迹进行了定量评价和等级划分。结果表明:嵩山世界地质公园内的地质遗迹类型丰富且等级优,地质遗迹要素价值高,区位优势显著,具有良好的旅游开发价值和市场远景。根据地质遗迹的定量评价和等级划分、空间分布、地域组合、易破坏性、保护现状和管理需要构建了地质遗迹保护框架,包括分区保护、工程保护和动态监测保护体系。     

河南省地质遗迹的分布特征及保护开发

地质遗迹保护与开发的理念从单一保护向保护与开发相协调的演进,当前地质遗迹保护与开发的最佳途径是建立地质公园,这种形式将地质遗迹保护与开发同促进地方经济发展紧密结合;河南省地质遗迹十分丰富,主要类型为地质地貌景观和水体景观,根据地质遗迹的分布特征,将河南省地质遗迹划分为太行山地质遗迹分布区、黄河地质遗迹分布区、嵩山地质遗迹分布区、伏牛—桐柏—大别山地质遗迹分布区等4个区域;在对河南省地质遗迹保护与开发现状分析的基础上,指出了河南省地质遗迹保护与开发中存在的问题,并提出了保护与开发的建议。     

中国西部地质公园建设的重点与难点及对策

中国西部地区地质遗迹和地质景观丰富多样。在分析西部地区地质公园建设中的重点和难点问题后,提出了保护地质遗迹及建设地质公园的相应对策。     

地质公园开放式管理模式的构想——以广西罗城国家地质公园剑江园区为例

为探索国家地质公园的可持续发展和有序的保护开发地质遗迹,将开放式管理模式引入地质公园管理。文章阐述了地质公园开放式景区的含义、原则和意义,并以广西罗城国家地质公园剑江园区为例,从公园的规划与管理、地质遗迹的保护、科普解说系统、旅游产品的开发与服务设施、安全性、管理经费等6个方面探讨了建设地质公园开放式景区过程中的主要预见性问题。     

小秦岭国家地质公园地质遗迹景观类型划分与成因分析及价值评价

为给河南小秦岭国家地质公园的开发和建设探索一条切实可行的、可持续的发展之路,依据《国家地质公园规划编制技术要求》中的地质遗迹类型划分方法并结合其他研究成果,归纳总结了公园的地质遗迹景观类型,共4大类、10类和12亚类,并对其中的典型地质遗迹景观在国际、国内大区域地质科学研究上的意义进行了对比分析,对其科学价值、审美价值、科普教育价值、旅游开发价值进行了评价。综合研究认为公园是一座以赋存典型构造形迹为特色,以古老变质岩地貌、花岗岩地貌为主体的集科学价值与美学价值于一体的综合性地质公园,具有开发成集地质研究、地质旅游、地学科普教育活动、休闲与度假为一体的理想场所。     

我国地质公园建设与地质遗迹保护现状及建议

我国的地质公园在评审方法与管理方面都取得了成功的经验,形成了一个有效的地质遗迹保护网络系统.地质公园的建设对于更好地保护地质遗迹,提高旅游的科学性,扩大地质工作的服务领域,促进旅游产业及地方经济的发展具有积极和重要的意义.我国是世界上地质公园建设和地质遗迹保护最好的国家.但也存在一些问题.在地质公园建设和地质遗迹保护工作中,要以科研为支撑,做好地质景观保护区的分级,羞解决好保护自然遗产与矿产资源开发之间的矛盾.     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

土地学科的建设和发展——"土地学科发展规划研讨会"综述

中国土地科学学科发展已取得很大成就,表现为专业教育和人才培养成绩突出、初步形成学科体系、取得大批研究成果.而存在的问题主要是基础理论研究欠缺、独特的土地科学研究方法体系尚未形成、研究角度单一、学术交流质量不高和学科带头人的影响力不足.土地科学学科发展目前面临着巨大的机遇和挑战,应明确土地科学学科发展的基本思路、发展目标及2010-2020年的主要建设任务和保障措施.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.