快速城市化地区土地利用结构信息熵的时空变化研究——以大连市为例

运用信息熵理论,对大连市2004~2013年土地利用结构变化的时空变化进行了分析。结果表明:大连市土地利用结构信息熵呈波动上升趋势,以2009年为界划分为三个变化阶段;2003年以建成区为中心向东北和西南两个方向呈现信息熵递增的格局,并可以划分为3个类型区;城市化水平较高、城镇用地占主导的甘井子区、旅顺口区和金州区的土地利用结构信息熵呈下降趋势、土地利用结构趋于有序,作为传统农业的北三市和长海县的土地利用结构信息熵呈上升趋势、土地利用结构无序性进一步加强。     

浙江省城镇土地利用结构熵值变化分析

随着我国城镇化进程的加快,城镇土地利用结构动态发生了变化.为提高城镇土地利用的合理性、科学性,引入信息熵值,定量描述2009年和2010年浙江省11个地级市的城镇土地利用变化情况.采用对比分析和因素分析法,深入探究近年来城镇土地利用变化方向及原因.结果表明:城市发展的成熟度、产业结构的稳定性、政策变化的频繁度和城镇土地利用有序度之间成正相关关系.     

基于城镇地籍数据三维建模的城镇低效用地调查研究

［目的］文章以江西省某县中心城区为例，利用城镇地籍数据构建一种快速调查低效用地的方法，为实现城镇用地粗放低效利用向精明高效利用转变。［方法］首先根据建筑物三维属性开展城镇三维建模； 然后结合GIS三维可视化、空间分析等方法识别低效用地； 最后采用单因子评价法进行低效用地类型判定。［结果］（1）Ⅰ类低效用地的分布与城镇建设程度有关，主要分布在建设程度弱的区域； （2）Ⅱ类低效用地受布局混乱影响，造成周边建设用地割裂，影响土地的综合利用； （3）Ⅲ类低效用地大部分远离城镇中心区域，“粗放式”的土地利用模式导致土地利用强度不达标。［结论］盘活城镇低效用地是现实需要，基于城镇地籍数据三维建模的低效用地调查方法，减少了内、外业工作量，提高了调查效率与可视化程度，为城镇低效用地调查提供一种新技术与方法，有助于增强城镇核心功能，实现土地集约节约利用。     

长株潭地区土地利用结构信息熵时空测度与演化

［目的］探讨区域土地利用结构的时空变化,为政府制定土地利用规划提供参考。［方法］基于信息熵的基本原理,利用2002—2014年长株潭地区各县（市、区）土地利用变更数据和相关社会经济资料,对研究区域土地利用结构的时间变化规律和空间分异特征进行了分析,并运用灰色模型进行了预测分析。［结果］（1）从整体上看,耕地、园地、林地、草地、水域及水利设施用地、其他土地所占比例呈递减趋势,城镇村及工矿用地、交通运输用地所占比例呈递增趋势。（2）土地利用结构信息熵在2002—2014年期间总体呈先下降后上升的变化趋势,从2002年的1350 3 Nat上升到了2014年的1362 3 Nat。（3）各县（市、区）土地利用结构的信息熵呈现出较大的时空差异。（4）运用灰色模型预测可知,到2026年土地利用结构信息熵出现上升趋势。［结论］当地政府必须高度重视,大力提高土地资源配置效率与集约利用水平,优化城市土地利用结构,合理布局城市用地,实现土地资源的可持续利用。     

基于信息熵的济南市城乡用地结构及分布动态研究

为了优化城乡用地结构和分布,需要了解其动态变化,信息熵的演变(1996-2003年)在一定程度上可以反映区域各类土地利用类型的动态演变规律,信息熵在空间上的分布可以反映区域土地的分布,因此利用信息熵对济南市城乡用地结构及分布进行研究.结果表明济南市城乡用地结构的有序性呈下降趋势,用地分布呈现由中部向外围有序性降低.     

城镇土地资源结构优化的市场机制研究

城镇土地资源结构优化的市场机制研究王国强，王令超（河南省科学院地理研究所）１城镇土地资源结构优化的目标我国城镇土地资源结构目前存在的主要问题是：①存量土地利用结构不合理，表现为生产用地过多，生活、商业、公用设施用地少，道路、广场和绿地等用地严重不足；...     

江苏省建设用地变化及其区域差异分析

通过采用土地利用结构信息熵和变化率指数对1996年以来江苏省建设用地变化及其区域空间差异进行分析,探讨了建设用地结构变化规律.研究发现:在省域范围内建设用地结构趋向均衡化发展,尤其是2001年以来均衡化发展速度加快,但多样性和均衡度变化的阶段性以及不同类型建设用地变化速率相对大小在区域间是有所差异的.最后对新一轮土地利用总体规划中不同区域建设用地供给方向做了初步探讨,以期为新一轮建设用地结构调整优化提供科学依据.     

转型期山东省土地利用战略研究

实现土地利用方式由粗放型向集约型的转变，是转型期山东省土地利用战略的关键。主要措施包括：以市场为导向调整用地结构，发展高效生态农业，实现土地的多元化利用；加强土地整理复垦，改造中低产田，提高农业生产的抗灾害能力和粮食保障水平；积极推进城镇化，优化城镇空间结构，提高城镇土地产出率；制定科学可行的土地利用规划、城镇及城镇体系规划；建立与市场经济体制相适应的土地资源管理体系。     

基于分形模型的城镇建设用地与耕地的空间稳定性研究——以湖北省老河口市为例

基于GIS空间分析平台,以分形理论为基础,运用分形模型分别对老河口市总体土地、城镇建设用地、耕地及其他土地利用类型进行分维数和稳定性指数测算,进而多角度分析城镇建设用地与耕地的空间稳定性。结果显示:老河口市总体土地利用的空间稳定性较高;城镇建设用地受规划影响,布局集中规范,空间稳定性高;耕地连片分布,空间稳定性高,城镇化进程与耕地保护冲突性较小;其他土地利用类型分维数、稳定性指数差异较大,且对城镇建设用地和耕地的空间稳定性影响较大;城镇建设用地与耕地的空间稳定性相关性大。     

城镇土地利用结构效率的数据包络分析

研究目的:如何判断城市土地利用结构的合理性,需要从新的视角并采用新的方法加以研究.研究方法:数据包络分析(DEA)方法.研究结果:(1)沿海城市的用地结构有效性不如内陆城市;(2)不同等级的城市用地结构不合理的用地类型不同;(3)高级别城市土地利用结构效率高于低级别城市和城镇;(4)县级市城区的道路广场用地失调明显.研究结论:判定城市土地利用结构是否合理,必须考虑其历史、社会经济水平,盲目类比国外是不可取的.DEA方法可以较好地定量刻画城镇土地利用结构效率.提出了中国的城镇用地结构的建议标准.     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

土地学科的建设和发展——"土地学科发展规划研讨会"综述

中国土地科学学科发展已取得很大成就,表现为专业教育和人才培养成绩突出、初步形成学科体系、取得大批研究成果.而存在的问题主要是基础理论研究欠缺、独特的土地科学研究方法体系尚未形成、研究角度单一、学术交流质量不高和学科带头人的影响力不足.土地科学学科发展目前面临着巨大的机遇和挑战,应明确土地科学学科发展的基本思路、发展目标及2010-2020年的主要建设任务和保障措施.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.