网络环境下产品定价的影响因素研究—基于消费者心理的视角

网络环境相对于传统市场在市场特性、产品特征和消费者等方面都发生了巨大的差异,需要新的、适合于网络环境的定价指导思想和定价策略。Internet对定价的许多方面都有影响,与传统企业相比,由于消费者获取信息相对容易,厂商不具有信息上的优势,无法任意提高价格,价格的决定力量转移到消费者身上,消费者享有对他有利的价格,因此网络企业承受更大的定价压力。网络企业制定正确的价格就显得尤为重要,文章简要对网络环境下产品定价的影响因素进行分析。     

基于政府补贴分析的新能源战略博弈模型研究

企业在新能源战略中如果不发展新能源战略带来的成本节约率ε1越高,其边际成本C1越低,新能源产品和传统产品的价格差异越大。随着消费者对每个环境满意度愿意支付的K值的增加,两个厂商的产品价格都会增加,也就是说,随着消费者环保意识的增加,环境满意度支付意愿也会增加,这样的结果不仅仅是生产新能源的厂商2受益,厂商1也会受益;政府提高市场最低绿色程度准入标准,低绿色程度的传统产品和新能源产品的价格都会增加。政府设定的市场最低绿色准入标准会对两个厂商的市场份额有影响。     

异质性厂商合作研发的最优投入水平及其成本分摊机制

在产品差异化的Betrand模型中引入具有需求创造效应的创新,构建一个异质性厂商进行合作研发和价格竞争的两阶段动态博弈模型,研究异质性厂商合作研发的最优研发投入以及研发成本的分摊机制.研究发现,异质性厂商间合作研发的最优研发投入水平和成本分摊比例主要取决于市场容量、自身价格效应、交叉价格效应及研发的需求创造效应;根据自身价格效应、交叉价格效应及研发的需求创造效应确定合作研发成本的分摊比例时,基于Betrand竞争的异质性厂商通过合作研发可以提高其均衡价格、产量和利润.     

网络效应下的标准竞争和企业兼容策略选择

网络效应下的标准竞争与兼容理论是产业组织理论新兴的研究领域.在网络效应明显的市场上,标准竞争成为市场竞争的焦点,企业只有赢得标准竞争才能赢得市场,而消费者的选择是决定企业胜负的关键,因此企业必须获得消费者信任,争取扩大产品的用户群.为了增加产品的网络效应,企业必须把握影响消费者选择的因素,从这一层面上来讲,企业产品的兼容性将成为影响消费者选择的重要因素.本文从介绍网络效应和标准竞争的内涵开始,逐步展开,依次分析影响消费者选择的因素及标准兼容的效应,最后对目前国内学者关于"网络效应下企业兼容策略选择"的理论进行综述.     

售后市场中的拒绝交易行为机制研究

自1994年美国柯达公司(Kodak)售后市场反垄断案例开始,售后市场垄断逐渐成为学者关注的热点话题。现有理论阐述了售后市场垄断的成因,却没能解释厂商拒绝向独立维修商出售零配件(拒绝交易)这一行为的经济学动机。论文基于不完全信息和价格歧视理论,探讨厂商通过拒绝交易牟取超额利润的可能性。研究表明：拒绝交易为厂商对售后产品进行歧视性定价提供了保证;双寡头垄断竞争模型下,采取价格歧视的厂商会压低初级产品价格,抢占市场份额从而增加利润;当且仅当双方厂商均采取歧视性定价策略时,博弈存在纳什均衡;在博弈均衡状态,产品的低频使用者(L型消费者)面临更高的产品配件定价,高频使用者(H型消费者)增加了维修产品的学习成本,厂商迫于竞争压低初级产品价格却无法增加利润,这种恶性竞争最终会导致损害效率,导致社会总福利下降。     

广告定位的六种策略

1．功效定位。广告突出商品功效，以示区别于同类商品，从而增加消费者的选择性需求。2.品质定位。广告强调产品独特的品质，这种广告定位，便于消费者具体了解产品独特的品质，可以起到很好的诱导消费者的作用。3．价格定位。当商品的品质、性能、造型等方面与市场上同类商品相近似时，没有什么特殊之处可吸引消费者，在此情况下，运用价格定位策略往往比较有效。4.市场定位。广告将商品定位在最有利的市场位置上。5．观念定位。这是突出商品的意义，改变消费者的习惯心理，树立新的商品观。6．形象定位。企业形象对产品促销具有长远的影响…     

营销网络重构

大多数厂商在市场出现之日起,就建立了具有严格排他性的营销网络,并随着时间推移,表现愈为强烈。在自己的网络体系中,别的厂商不能介入,特别是是在名牌企业中表现尤为强烈,百事可乐与可口可乐就规定自己的经销商不能出售对方的产品。这种作法在维护自己的市场份额上起了一定作用,但在买方市场上,消费者选择面较宽广,厂商在各自分割的市场里,大多会抑人扬己（厂商即使不这样做,经销商也会这样做）,这就使得许多潜在的消费者感到一头雾水,真假难辨,影响了市场消费总量的提高。营销网络重构,甚作用在于降低交易费用,使产品能更…     

股份制商业银行运用差异化营销战略问题研究

一、实行差异化营销战略的意义差异化战略是指企业的产品在价格、性能、款式、品牌、顾客服务等方面，与其他企业比较有显著的差别，具有独创性、独特性。差异化营销战略则是指企业要利用有差别的产品、服务、品牌降低顾客对产品价格的敏感，推出针对客户的不同需求的特别产品及服务，吸引客户，扩大市场占有率。如果这种特色给产品带来的溢出价格超过因其独特性所增加的成本，并能够成功地使顾客对企业的产品逐渐增加信任度，成为企业忠实的顾客，然后引发“口碑广告”的强势效应。那么，拥有这种差异化营销特色的企业将取得竞争优势。股份…     

长尾市场网络销售商的订单履行渠道选择模型

研究传统市场和长尾市场条件下,网络零售商保有库存策略和直运策略的选择模型。建立了单周期动态仿真模型,进行了算例仿真,测算了市场竞争、供应商折扣、零售商订购策略和消费者对网络销售方式的接受程度等影响因素对网络零售商总利润的影响。结果表明,在缺乏定价权的实际条件下,网络零售商要获得更高的销售利润,需要增加产品品类、争取更大的价格折扣、采购合适数量的产品、选择合适的订单履行渠道。在未来的长尾市场中,产品品类更多、竞争更激烈、消费者选择产品的视野更开阔,直运方式将代替保有库存方式成为许多网络零售商的主流订单履行方式。     

网络外部效应对产业投资的影响:以电信业为例

本文立足于网络外部效应，认为在没有政府规制或规制权重不是更多地赋予消费者时，尽管网络型公用产业的资产是沉淀性的且专用性强，但投入之后议价优势不会从投资者转移到消费者，投资者利润不会被消费者剥夺，不愿投资或投资不足的情况不会出现。这种观点至少对电信业是适用的。对于像电信业这类具有网络外部效应的产业，我们的主要结论是：随着使用者的增多，消费者对产业提供的产品偏好增强，使得需求曲线外移且变得更陡，进而使消费者效用增加，产业的市场势力增强，尽管产业能够得到的潜在消费者剩余的份额变小，利润却增加了。在此情形下，网络型公用产业的投资是连续而充足的。     

Development in Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Statistics at the Australian Bureau of Statistics

This paper outlines the ICT statistical developments that the ABS has undertaken over recent years. These developments have been on both the supply side (ICT industry) and the demand side (use of IT by sector). The content of ABS ICT surveys has changed significantly over the last few years and are expected to develop further in line with industry changes and emerging policy needs.
Recent developments in household collections have been the inclusion of IT use questions in the 2001 Census of Population and Housing and in various ABS social surveys such as Children's Participation in Culture and Leisure Activities. Annual business IT use surveys are now conducted and include topics such as Internet commerce and IT security. Biennial ICT industry surveys are conducted to provide data on ICT production, imports and exports, ICT industry employment, performance and structure information. An Internet activity survey is run every six months and provides regional Internet access details and infrastructure details on Internet service providers.
A major development for 2002–03 will be the compilation of an ICT satellite account. ABS intends to produce an ICT Information Development Plan to guide its future statistical development work in the ICT field.     

Value at Risk in the Suburbs: Eminent Domain and the Geographical Politics of the US Foreclosure Crisis

Several US counties and local governments have recently considered a novel solution to the foreclosure crisis. They plan to use eminent domain to compel the owners of mortgage debt—and specifically of private‐label mortgage‐backed securities—to sell the debt to the government at a price reflecting the loan's market value. The government would then restructure the debt and resell it to new investors. The plans are striking because—in contrast to both development‐driven eminent domain and the federal subprime bank bailout—they would force investors to assume asset devaluation and increased long‐term risk. Notably, the plans have emerged as an instance of financialization‐focused politics in suburbs and suburban cities of color, specifically majority‐black and ‐Latino/a suburbs. Local support for the plans, we argue, is rooted in the long‐term disinvestment of these ‘suburbs of exception', which became targets of subprime lending and eventually sites where the ‘financial exception' has been localized. But these demographic shifts, fragmentation and fiscal pressures have at the same time created a suburban political terrain in which the plans have gained their strongest political support.     

Towards a Theory of Serendipity: A Systematic Review and Conceptualization

Serendipity – the notion of making surprising and valuable discoveries – plays a major role in the success of individuals and organizations alike. Previous research has established the importance of serendipity and identified important individual- and organizational-level antecedents. However, the literature has been dispersed and the boundaries of the concept have been blurry, leading to a lack of conceptual clarity and structure, and thus limiting validity and managerial actionability. Based on a systematic literature review, I synthesize existing management-related research on serendipity and explicate the emergence and composition of serendipity in the organizational context. I first identify three necessary conditions that differentiate serendipity from related concepts such as luck or targeted innovation: agency, surprise, and value. Then, I draw from the literature on sensemaking, event-based theorizing, and quantum-based approaches to management to conceptualize the process of cultivating serendipity in the organizational context as a process of enabling potentiality and materialization, and develop a multi-level theory of (cultivating) serendipity. This conceptualization contributes to our collective understanding of how, why, and when (i.e., under what conditions) organizations can leverage the value in the unexpected, which opens up fruitful avenues for further research.     

Accountability of NGOs in Bangladesh A critical overview

NGOs in Bangladesh have been recognized as effective change agents in the socio-economic arena throughout the world. Their contributions in micro credit, non-formal education and primary health care are widely known. NGOs play a significant role in society. NGO accountability, as a result, has become a critical issue. NGO accountability in Bangladesh has been examined here in relation to patrons, clients and themselves. Of the three relationships only accountability to patrons is in a near satisfactory state. Accountability to clients is handicapped by lack of opportunities of beneficiaries to participate meaningfully in NGO policy making. Accountability to themselves is adversely affected due to the adherence to a strictly hierarchical system and the influence of founding and charismatic NGO leaders.     

Towards an Asian model of human resource management? A comparative analysis of China,Japan and South Korea

There has been much discussion regarding the possible decline and weakening of national systems of human resource management (HRM). Yet, culture and institutions are often cited as the major stumbling blocks to this outcome. Such constraints may dissipate in the analysis, particularly if ‘regional clusters’ are considered where geographic and cultural closeness and ‘openness’ to similar economic pressures exist. In such cases, it might be postulated that convergence in HRM will occur. We argue that China, Japan and South Korea represent such a cluster. This article examines these countries, to see if a degree of convergence is taking place and if it is towards an identifiable ‘Asian’ model of HRM. A model of change is presented that distinguishes between levels of occurrence and acceptance. Details of the development and practice of HRM in each country are then set out. The article ends with a discussion and implications section and a brief conclusion.     

The Creation of the Office for National Statistics

A new Office for National Statistics was created in the United Kingdom in 1996 following a series of developments designed to strengthen the relevance and integrity of statistics. This paper describes these fundamental changes and sets out a blueprint for future progress. It also sets current developments in the United Kingdom in an historical and international context.     

What helps? Women engineers' accounts of staying on

We have considerable understanding of the obstacles that women engineers encounter and the reasons that they leave the field, but we know less about what enables them to remain. Adopting an interpretivist approach, this article examines how a group of British women engineers in two FTSE 100 companies account for “staying on” in their male‐dominated work settings. We delineate four specific forms of help that facilitate women's retention in the field. We argue that exposure to help leads to women developing a habitus that enables them to continue working in engineering. To conclude, we draw on our findings to outline HR practices that will facilitate supportive relationships in the workplace and pave the way towards developing more positive organisational climates.     

论现代物流企业的发展观

物流业经过诸多年的发展目前已经成为最热门的行业之一,物流企业的注册数量也与日俱增,达到前所未有的规模。毋庸置疑,任何企业都希望自己迅速做强做大,并成为真正现代物流企业的典型代表,要实现这一目标一个首要问题就是要解决现代物流企业的发展观问题。     

浅谈大体积混凝土裂缝的控制

大体积混凝土的裂缝问题是实际工程中长期困扰工程技术人员的问题,其控制技术的研究是混凝土结构研究的热点问题,具有重大的学术价值和潜伏的工程背景。     

Supply Chain Strategies in the UK Fashion Industry—The Rhetoric of Partnership and Realities of Power

This paper focuses on the fashion industry, one characterised by issues such as dramatic shifts in the scale and power of major retail buyers in the market, the advent of retailer own brands, and the nature of sourcing and supply chain decisions, issues that are increasingly global in nature. The aim of this research is to explore the nature of relationships between UK high street multiple fashion retailers and their contracted suppliers, many of whom are entrepreneurial firms by most definitions of the term. Four core themes emerge from the literature and provide a framework for the research, namely, power, process, partnership, and people. The research approach was qualitative, and conducted over a period of twelve months. The paper ends with an agenda for future research.