Specialization and Diversification in Agricultural Transformation: The Case of West Punjab, 1903–92

In this article, the role of crop specialization and diversification in agricultural transformation is investigated empirically. Changes in aggregate land productivity are associated structurally with inter-crop and inter-district reallocation of land use. Results from a region with the oldest history of agricultural commercialization in developing countries show that cropping patterns of subsistence agriculture changed substantially, with rising concentration of crop acreage in districts with higher and growing productivity. Rapid specialization in crop production was observed at the district level recently, after a phase with sporadic specialization. These changes reflected comparative advantage and contributed to the improvement in aggregate land productivity.     

Regional Shifts in Pork Production: Implications for Competition and Food Safety

U.S. pork production and processing is consolidating in larger, more economically efficient units, and shifting from the Midwest into the Southeast. A regional model of farm supply and processing demand shows that smaller Midwest operations can survive only if processing capacity remains concentrated in that region. Salmonella incidence is higher in the Southeast and on larger farms. Restricting salmonella incidence in hogs delivered for processing to the minimum feasible level would increase total industry costs by 3%, due to increased production and delivery costs. It would also increase the comparative advantage of farms and processing firms in the Midwest.     

从动态比较优势看我国矿产资源产业政策选择

发展中国家根据李嘉图比较优势理论专业化生产并出口具有比较优势的矿产资源并未实现可持续的经济和福利增长 ,说明静态比较优势理论还存在不足。经过对其进行修正 ,构建了动态比较优势模型 ,分析了自由贸易条件下的贸易福利 ,得出了自由贸易导致福利减少的充要条件。最后从动态比较优势理论的角度对我国矿产资源开发利用提出了政策建议     

基于比较优势的中国玉米生产布局变迁及优化研究

[目的]基于2000—2018年中国各地区玉米生产面板数据,实证分析中国玉米生产布局变迁的轨迹、驱动因素及优化方向。[方法]文章运用区域重心分析法测定并描绘中国玉米生产布局变迁轨迹,运用面板模型实证分析玉米生产布局变迁影响因素,并基于比较优势理论,针对影响因素进一步分析中国各玉米种植区域的比较优势,探讨中国玉米生产布局优化方向。[结果]（1）中国玉米生产重心向东北方向移动明显,以黑龙江、吉林等省份为主的北方春播玉米区逐渐取代黄淮海夏播玉米区成为我国第一大玉米主产区;玉米生产布局变迁是玉米生长季温度、生长季降雨量、玉米生产成本和有效灌溉面积等因素综合作用的结果,且不同种植区域在这4个因素上具有不同的比较优势。（2）玉米种植优势产区主要集中在东北和黄淮海地区,包括内蒙古、黑龙江、吉林、辽宁、陕西、天津、河北、山东、河南;非优势产区主要集中在西南山地丘陵区,包括四川、贵州、云南、重庆、青海、西藏;其余为较优势产区,主要分布在南方和西部区域。[结论]我国应遵循玉米生产布局变迁规律,因地制宜,优化玉米生产布局,并提高跨区域粮食调配能力,确保区域间粮食供需平衡。     

Predator or prey? Effects of farm growth on neighbouring farms

We provide explorative insights on how farms which manage strong and successful growth affect farms in their neighbourhoods through spatial competition for land. The study is based on an exploratory analysis of repeated framed experiments within the business game FarmAgriPoliS (Appel & Balmann, Ecological Complexity, 40, 2019). In particular, we analyse the spatial influences of different behavioural clusters of farm managers. Our analysis finds that farms which manage strong growth substantially affect the development of farms in a spatial neighbourhood of some 10 km. Although the influence on the neighbourhood decreases with distance, the functional correlations of farm growth as well as exits are neither linear nor exponential, but eventually rather wave-like. We further discuss the spatial interdependence of farms and the related overlaps of the predator–prey phenomenon with the phenomena of farms' path dependency and agricultural structural change. We conclude that along with farmers' strategies and their abilities, the characteristics of their neighbours and the distances between neighbouring farms also determine who is ‘predator’ and who is ‘prey’.     

黑龙江省大豆比较优势分析

黑龙江省是世界大豆的原产地,中国大豆的主产区。加入世界贸易组织后,在国外转基因大豆的冲击和跨国粮商的操控下,大豆已经由黑龙江省的比较优势产品转化为比较劣势产品。要振兴大豆产业,必需采取多项措施提升非转基因大豆和大豆加工企业的竞争力。     

Mergers and Acquisitions and Productivity in the U.S. Meat Products Industries: Evidence from the Micro Data

This article investigates the motives for mergers and acquisitions (M&As) in the U.S. meat products industry from 1977 to 1992. Results show that acquired meat and poultry plants were very productive before mergers, and that all but the very largest meat slaughter and processing plants and all but the bottom 20% of the poultry slaughter and processing plants significantly improved their productivity growth in their postmerger periods. These results lead to the conclusion that synergies and related efficiencies are important motives for M&As.     

我国粮食生产格局演变及增产贡献研究

[目的]通过测算各省区粮食增产潜力和各省区可比耕地资源量,揭示不同阶段我国及各省区粮食生产及增产的特点及原因,揭示我国今后粮食增产的方向。[方法]结合生产力相对指数与耕地面积分析我国各省耕地资源量,测算了复种指数和单产对我国及各省区粮食增产的贡献率,测算了我国各省区粮食增产的潜力。[结果]我国各省区人均粮食产量差异明显扩大。1985~1998年间,粮食单产对粮食产量增加的贡献率为85.35%;1998~2003年间,我国粮食总产量下降,播种面积减少是主要原因;2003~2013年间,单产增加依然是增产主因,但播种面积增加的贡献明显提高。1985年相对生产力耕地资源的省际差异明显大于2013年,据该文估算,我国可增产粮食22.9%~43%,复种指数对于粮食增产的潜力十分可观。[结论]近30年来,我国粮食生产格局是\"南降北升\",播种面积差异是粮食生产省际差异的主因。1985~2013年间,粮食播种面积仅占农作物增播面积的15.48%。大多省区耕地复种指数提升空间较大,但多数省区现实的复种指数却在下降,原因是农业生产比较利益低下。进一步提高单产的边际约束效应明显凸显,提高复种指数应该是我国提高粮食产量的方向。     

乌兰察布市及其周边各旗（县）农业产业结构调整研究

[目的]通过对乌兰察布市农业产业结构调整的经济效益进行定量和定性的分析研究,为该市农业产业结构调整以及农业产业经济发展提供有益借鉴。[方法]文章运用综合比较优势指数测算农业产业的比较优势,构建产值增长贡献率模型分析农业结构调整对农业经济的影响,并对农业产业结构调整与农业经济增长的影响关系进行回归分析。[结果]乌兰察布市农业产业的显著综合比较优势主要集中在集宁区、卓资县、四子王旗、察哈尔右翼前旗,并且多数农业产业的规模比较优势相较于产量比较优势更为突出;通过预测模型看出,农业产业结构调整对农业经济增长呈负向贡献率;从回归分析得出,小麦、玉米、莜麦、豆类、马铃薯、油料作物、蔬菜瓜果产值每增加1%会分别为乌兰察布市农业总产值带来0.020%、0.057%、0.015%、0.018%、0.223%、0.847%、0.468%的经济增量。[结论]玉米、油料作物、蔬菜瓜果和马铃薯对农业产业总值推动力较强,小麦、豆类和莜麦对农业产业总值的推动力相对较弱;乌兰察布市农业结构调整对农业经济增长的影响不太显著。     

The Source of Productivity Growth in Dutch Agriculture: A Perspective from Finance

In corporate finance, the impact of capital structure on firm performance has been widely studied. This article extends the capital structure study to the situation in agriculture, explicitly addressing the difference between family farms and corporate firms. We use the Malmquist productivity growth index as a proxy for performance to study the impact of capital structure (debt) on farm performance. We compare the results with those from the traditional performance model that uses profitability (e.g., return on equity (ROE)) as performance measure. Using data from Dutch arable farms, results show that debt has no effect on ROE, whereas it has a positive effect on productivity growth.     

中国水资源利用的比较优势分析--以浙江、湖南、青海省为例

本文立足于全国,选取在水资源利用方面较典型的东部浙江省、中部湖南省和西部青海省作为研究对象;运用比较优势理论及水资源利用比较优势的计算模型,对东、中、西部三个省区水资源利用的比较优势进行计算和分析。研究表明：①浙江、湖南以及青海三省的生产用水比较优势存在不同程度的部门差异,其中以湖南省的生产用水部门差异最为明显。②三省的生活用水比较优势存在部门差异,但不如生产用水差异显著。③三省的生产用水比较优势存在较大的区域差异,浙江省的工业用水比较优势度最大,湖南省的农业用水比较优势度最大;④三省的生活用水比较优势度亦存在区域差异,优势度最大的是浙江、其次是湖南,最后是青海。⑤各省的水资源利用比较优势存在差异与自然条件、经济发展、城市化率、居民节水意识等诸多因素相关。     

Size and Productivity in the U.S. Milling and Baking Industries

From the late 1950s through mid-1990s, productivity growth in U.S. grain milling and feed manufacturing has been consistently strong and positive. In grain milling, approximately 15% of the growth is due to size economies. Technical change has been capital-using, increasingly material-saving, and, in recent years, decreasingly labor-saving or increasingly labor-using. The quality of capital has risen relative to that of labor and materials. In all but the baking industry, capital intensification and incentives for plant size growth remain unabated.     

中国天然橡胶生产的比较优势分析

运用生产集中度指数、效率优势指数及综合比较优势指数对中国天然橡胶生产的比较优势情况进行测算。测算结果表明,2004～2008年中国天然橡胶生产集中度指数、效率优势指数和综合比较优势指数在25个天然橡胶主产国中都处于中间位置,与天然橡胶主产区相比不具有比较优势,但与天然橡胶非主产区相比具有比较优势。中国最近五年的综合比较优势指数的加权平均数为0.0848,在25个天然橡     

黑龙江省马铃薯的比较优势分析

文章采用定性分析和定量分析相结合的方法,客观地评价了黑龙江省马铃薯的比较优势。通过与全国其他马铃薯主产省份的横向比较,与黑龙江省其他4种主要粮食作物的横向比较和1991～2006年黑龙江省马铃薯比较优势的纵向比较发现,黑龙江省马铃薯具有综合比较优势和生产效率优势,不具有生产规模优势,综合比较优势有所减弱,主要原因是生产效率优势减弱。黑龙江省马铃薯具有生产经验、自然条件、土地资源、加工规模和技术等方面的优势,应该大力发展马铃薯产业,扩大马铃薯的生产规模,提高马铃薯的生产效率,培育黑龙江省马铃薯的竞争优势。     

中国粮食生产的区域比较优势分析

通过应用国内资源成本法和综合比较优势指数法对中国主要粮食产品生产区域比较优势的测定和差异分析,验证了中国粮食生产区域比较优势存在着很大的差异,中国可以也应当引导各地区按照比较优势的原理进行农业生产结构的调整,实现农业生产的合理布局和专业化生产,以充分发挥农业生产的比较优势。     

我国罗非鱼主产区域的比较优势分析

为比较我国罗非鱼主产区广东、海南、广西、福建、云南五个省份的罗非鱼产业发展优势,本文比较了罗非鱼主产区生产布局,利用综合比较优势指数法测算和分析了主产区罗非鱼的规模优势指数、效率优势指数及综合优势指数。结果表明:海南省和云南省具有比较优势,广东、广西和福建具有比较劣势。提出了提高海南省罗非鱼比较优势及广东、广西、福建罗非鱼产业发展潜力,促进我国罗非鱼产业合理布局,提高区域间资源配置和利用效率,推动我国罗非鱼产业可持续发展的政策建议。