土地复垦监管行为规范的主体性合作治理形式选择

研究目的:根据相关主体性意愿的指引,阐明合作治理范式在土地复垦监管行为领域展开具体运用的现实性,及其可能的规范设定方向,进而尝试在相应行为规范维度来检视行政行为法理论的发展任务命题。研究方法:文献分析法。研究结果:土地复垦监管行为的形式选择往往与相应的合作治理主体性意愿有关,该意愿主要表征为利益导向、工具载体以及协同组织选择意愿。应厘清该类选择意愿指引于土地复垦监管行为规范所分别呈现的形式选择:逐利心态与信任习惯选择、科学事实工具与行政规制工具选择、内部协同组织与外部协同组织选择。研究结论:土地复垦监管行为在行为观念和当事人方面与合作治理的主体性意愿在一定程度上是相互耦合的,有必要构建一种合作行政模式下的治理型土地复垦监管行为规范。     

Does Conservation Agriculture Change Labour Requirements? Evidence of Sustainable Intensification in Sub-Saharan Africa

Population growth, increasing wealth and changing diets require agriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa to intensify to meet future food demand and ensure food security in the region. Conservation agriculture can increase yields in the long run and reduce the negative environmental impacts of intensive farming. In changing the mix of resources used and how they are managed, the adoption of conservation agriculture can have a direct impact on farm labour. We study the relationship between conservation agriculture and labour input requirements as observed in five Sub-Saharan African countries. We focus on the amount of work required and the source of the work employed (household or hired, by gender, by children and by production stage). We apply multinomial endogenous switching regression models on a panel of household and farm data from Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique and Tanzania. We find that conservation agriculture increases farms’ labour input requirements. Higher demand is driven by more work during the harvesting and threshing stages. Increases in labour requirements are usually met by household labour, not paid work. The workload change is also higher for women than for men, and, in certain cases, is met by children.     

西北干旱地区高效生态农业建设的模式选择

剖析西北当前农业生产与发展中存在的8个问题,提出建立高效生态农业模式的十大基本原则,并针对西北干旱地区现有的一些地理特征,结合目前西北干旱地区的实际情况,按高山、山地及山前坡地和平原、盆地(绿洲)的划分,提出了9种适合西北干旱地区的生态农业模式,探讨西北干旱地区高效生态农业建设和解决“三农”问题的具体措施。     

Husbands’ and wives’ risk preferences and improved maize adoption in Tanzania

Research on technology adoption typically assumes that the preferences of a single individual—the household head—determine household-level decisions. This study uses experimentally derived prospect theory-based risk preferences from couples in Tanzania to test whether men's and women's risk preferences, which often diverge, influence the adoption of improved maize varieties. We find that women's risk aversion and men's loss aversion are negatively correlated with improved variety use. The tendency of men to overweight small probabilities is negatively associated with adoption, whereas the tendency of women to do so is positively associated. These findings suggest that technology adoption research should look beyond the preferences of the household head, and that technology promoters should consider targeting both men and women in their education and dissemination efforts.     

高标准农田建设资金何以多元化保障？ ——基于法律功能实现的视角

研究目的：根据高标准农田建设资金条款的物质规范保障指引,尝试明晰相关财政专项资金对高标准农田建设实现兜底性支持的不同功能定位,进而确立科学合理的资金投入结构性配置。研究方法：文献分析法。研究结果：资金统筹整合规范的载体保障功能实现,旨在提供相关资金来源、归集与投放事项的系统性保障方案;资金差异化配置规范的手段保障功能实现,旨在提供针对重点项目、领域的目标型手段指引,以及优化项目建设地域布局的优先型手段指引;以奖代补规范的激励保障功能实现,旨在为积极引导社会资金投入高标准农田建设,提供结果竞争策略维度的理念、方法激励指引。研究结论：高标准农田建设资金条款作为一种资金规制工具的规范事项表达,兼具载体性、手段性与激励性。有必要基于其功能实现的类型化阐明,来为相应财政专项资金的规模化投入提供明确的指南性引领。     

西北特色农牧业可持续发展探讨*——以阿拉善盟为例

[目的]发展西北特色农牧业,充分利用当地特殊资源条件,增强西北农牧业综合生产能力,提高西北农牧业可持续发展水平。[方法]文章对西部农牧业整体分析和阿拉善盟特色农牧资源开发案例剖析。[结果]西北特色农牧业可持续发展亟需从模式创新、产业创新、体系创新以及完善理论和方法上寻找突破口,合理谋划应对方略。[结论]西北特色农牧业在发展过程中要通过发展高效生态科技构建以生物农牧业和物理农牧业为主体的现代生态农牧业模式,按照资源节约型、环境友好型、生态保育型\"三型农牧业\"发展要求,形成动静脉产业联合体,创新农牧业产业可持续发展方式。     

基于“藏粮于技”的粮食生产实施策略

粮食安全关乎民生和国家安全,\"藏粮于地,藏粮于技\"是维护我国粮食安全的基本战略。其中\"藏粮于技\"必须通过科技创新解决当前农业生产中的难题,提高粮食生产领域的科技贡献率。同时,必须前瞻性地加速数字农业建设、精准农业实践和智慧农业探索,奠定我国粮食生产领域生态智慧农业的基础。     

禅宗农业的形成与发展

禅宗农业是寺院经济的重要组成部分，禅者的生活和修行方式促进了禅宗农业的形成与发展。长期开垦荒地和“一日不作一日不食”是禅宗农业的最大特点。同时，具有一定规模的禅宗农业对禅宗的发展有着重要影响，并因之形成了“农禅并重”文化传统。     

Women farmers’ participation in the agricultural research process: implications for agricultural sustainability in Ethiopia

Empowering women farmers to participate in agricultural research is a key strategy for sustainable agricultural development. Women empowerment has the potential to improve their roles in agricultural production while enhancing nutrition and food security. Although new agricultural development policies are focusing on improving women engagement in agriculture, there is limited literature on women empowerment in relation to agricultural research. This study used mixed methods to analyse women farmers’ participation in four stages of the agricultural research process – design, testing, dissemination, monitoring and evaluation. Two hundred and thirty individual interviews with women farmers and 16 focus group discussions with men and women farmers were conducted in four Woredas (districts) of Ethiopia. Quantitative data were analysed using binary and multivariate probit models. Qualitative data were analysed using line-by-line coding. The results showed that several empowerment indicator variables significantly (p?≤?.001) influenced women’s participation in different stages of agricultural research. Specifically, input in production decisions, autonomy in plot management, membership to farmer groups, and ability to speak in public enhanced women’s participation in different stages, in addition to access to information and extension services, education and land size. Cultural norms hindered women’s empowerment and engagement in research. To foster sustainable agriculture development, it’s important to integrate holistic and proactive gender perspectives into research strategies to increase women’s participation in farmer research groups, access information and knowledge, have voice and challenge constraining cultural norms and traditions.     

以产业融合引领乡村振兴

[目的]\"乡村振兴\"战略构想提出\"产业兴旺、生态宜居、乡风文明、治理有效、生活富裕\"的二十字方针。通过产业融合,培育新业态,为农业增效、农村繁荣、农民增收注入新动能,对于实现乡村振兴具有重要意义。[方法]以北京市通州区于家务回族乡为例,探索地处大都市郊区环境下,依托城市辐射,通过城乡协同发展实现农业发展的转型升级。[结果]于家务回族乡产业体系的构建立足于全局视野下对农业发展的需求分析,通过国家、北京市、通州区3个层级区域对农业发展的需要,以农业为基础构建科技农业、服务农业、会展农业、休闲农业四大产业板块,引领乡村振兴。[结论]需做好产业规划设计,完善配套设施,提升基础服务,为一、二、三产业深度融合创造良好环境,发掘和利用当地文化资源,发挥农业的多功能性。应充分依托城乡协同发展的优势,推进城乡融合发展,加快推进农业农村现代化,让农业成为有奔头的产业,让农民成为有吸引力的职业,让农村成为安居乐业的美丽家园,最终实现乡村振兴的战略目标。     

论大学生创新创业在食品质量安全中对动手能力的影响

现阶段我国高校在培养专业人才方面,往往更加注重学生的理论教育,导致学生动手实践能力匮乏.在人们生活质量不断提升的同时,食品安全质量问题也变得尤为突出,因此高校应该高度重视对食品质量安全方面相关人才专业知识和操作技能的培养.本文通过对大学生创新创业在食品质量安全中对动手能力的影响进行分析,旨在培育具备良好动手能力的现代人...     

An Investigation into Factors Affecting the Occupational Choices of Nominated Farm Heirs in Ireland

The resilience of family farming is an important feature of the structure of the farming industry in many countries, due largely to the ‘smooth’ succession of farms from one generation to the next. The stability of this structure is now threatened by the widening gap between the income expected from farming when compared with non‐farming occupations in an economy like Ireland, operating at almost full employment. Nominated farm heirs are increasingly unlikely to choose full‐time farming as their preferred occupation. To identify the factors that affect this occupational choice, a multinomial logit model is developed and applied to Irish data to examine the farm, economic and personal characteristics that influence a nominated heir's decision to enter farming as opposed to some non‐farming occupation. The results show a significant negative relationship between higher education and the choice of full‐time farming as an occupation. The interdependence between education and occupational choices is further explored using a bivariate probit model. The main findings are: the occupational choice and the decision to continue with higher education are made jointly; the nominated heirs on more profitable farms are less likely to pursue tertiary education and therefore more likely to enter full‐time farming. The model developed is sufficiently general for studying the phenomenon of succession on farms.     

都市农业的发展与规划模式研究  ———以郑州市丰乐农庄现代农业示范园规划为例

随着我国经济的高速增长和城市化进程的不断加快,城市周边的农田被不断蚕食,城乡人居环境也在不断恶化,该文综合考虑当前经济、社会、环境等因素对现代农业发展的影响,并以郑州市丰乐农庄现代农业示范园规划为例,试图通过对其现状的调查分析、都市农业思想的植入和规划内容的总结与整理,尝试建立一个与区域内城乡生产、生活、生态密切相关的都市型农业发展模式。     

基于转变发展模式的四川与广东农业经济差异化分析

文章通过分析2000~2013年四川省与广东省的农业结构及其变动对农业经济增长的影响,分析比较四川省与广东省的农业发展模式、农业经济水平等2个农业指标,分析比较2省农林牧渔业总产值的差异,用以解析四川省与广东省农业经济差异性变化的原因。结果表明,四川省农业结构调整主要集中在以水稻等粮食为主的种植业与以生猪等肉类为主的畜牧业上;广东省农业结构调整主要集中在以粮食、水果为主的种植业与以水产品为主的渔业上。其中,种植业的增长对2省农业总产出增长的拉动能力均是最大,四川省的畜牧业、广东省的渔业对农业经济也有一定影响,而2省的林业对农业经济的影响均为较小。     

农户环境友好型农业技术选择行为及异质性基于离散选择实验的研究

目的 中国是世界上最大的化肥和农药使用国,农业绿色发展面临严峻挑战,这与缺少国家层面和农田管理层面为农户专门设计的环境友好型技术及配套激励政策不无关系。方法 文章利用离散选择实验（Discrete choice experiment,DCE）,以环境友好型农业技术（Agri-environmental technologies,AETs）及配套政策为基础设计农业环境政策方案（Agri-environmental schemes,AES）。用混合Logit模型（Mixed Logit model,MXL）来揭示农户在假想的AES情景下对AETs的选择行为及影响因素,证实农户偏好异质性的存在。后续条件Logit模型（Conditional Logit model,CLM）引入交互变量进一步揭示农户的偏好异质性来源。结果 研究表明补偿额度及农户社会经济变量是影响其参与AES的主要因素,且相对于退出保持现有耕种方式不变农户更偏好于实施AES。该研究还证实了农户对AETs选择偏好存在异质性,因此灵活的政策设计是AES顺利实施的重要保障。结论 鉴于对农户选择偏好及异质性的充分了解,政策制定者可以科学地制定和微调农业环境政策,设计AES以最大限度地减少各类农户反对意见,吸引绝大多数农户采纳AETs实践,提高项目参与率。