Ownership Structure of Cooperatives as an Environmental Buffer*

ABSTRACT In this paper, we propose that the ownership structure in the cooperative form acts as an environmental buffer. It is a mechanism to obtain stronger linkages with suppliers by internalizing them, and in this way, obtaining fundamental resources. Using this strategy, the cooperative form can isolate itself from adverse environments and from competition from other organizational forms. Although cooperatives have higher survival probability in any economic context, in rival ideological environments they have less support than other organizational forms. To test these ideas, we have chosen data from the Spanish olive oil milling industry for 1944–98. During this period, Spain changed from a dictatorial to a democratic regime and from a self‐subsistence economy in the post civil‐war period to a broad liberal international economy. The results show that, whereas other organizational forms are affected by economic and ideological influences, the cooperative form isolates itself by changing the competition level.     

Career Exploration and Perceived Employability within an Emerging Economy Context

Following four decades of unprecedented economic, social, and cultural change, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) labor market is highly segmented: The native population is almost exclusively employed in the government sector, while the private sector is effectively outsourced to foreigners. This has created an unsustainable situation with growing numbers of young citizens reaching working age and with a public sector that has reached the saturation point. Policymakers repeatedly try to legislate to encourage private‐sector employers to hire citizens. These policies have had limited success. We explored the career attitudes of 2,267 United Arab Emirates citizens prior to their entry into the labor market. Using structural equation modeling, we found that the social contract and resulting expectations toward state employment have strong implications for willingness to work in the private sector. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Determinants of Entry in an Emerging Economy: A Multilevel Approach

The dynamics of the world economy and global competition patterns are encouraging multinational enterprises (MNEs) to expand into emerging economies. This study validates the proposition that entry mode selection in an emerging economy is influenced by situational contingencies at four levels: nation, industry, firm, and project. Analysis of data collected from China suggests that the joint venture is preferred when perceived governmental intervention or environmental uncertainty is high or host country experience is low. The wholly-owned entry mode is preferred when intellectual property rights are not well protected, the number of firms in the industry is growing fast, the need for global integration is high, or the project is located in an open economic region. The importance of these multilevel determinants requires simultaneous and inseparable considerations of the risk, return, control, and resource effects of the entry mode decision. This necessitates a theoretical integration of multiple perspectives such as transaction cost, the eclectic paradigm, bargaining power, and organizational capability.     

论战略性新兴产业的发展对京津冀区域经济的推动

京津冀与长三角、珠三角是中国东部地区率先发展的三大引擎,是我国最重要的经济增长极,也是中国最有可能建成全球巨型城市区、实施全球化战略的地区。发展新兴产业可以促进京津冀区域协调发展,推进经济一体化进程。     

Time-based Experience and International Expansion: The Case of an Emerging Economy

Building on the organizational learning theory and international expansion process model, this paper examines the effect of time-based experience on multidimensional performance including return on equity, sales growth, competitive position, and asset efficiency of foreign-invested enterprises (FIEs) in an emerging economy (the People's Republic of China). The analysis, based on a recent survey of FIEs in China, demonstrates that time-based experience has a significantly positive effect on overall and individual dimensions of performance of FIEs. The underlying link between time-based experience and multidimensional performance is, however, moderated by the cultural distance between the host and home countries. Moreover, time-based experience moderates the positive impact of resource contributions, market commitment, and strategic innovativeness on venture performance.     

Strategic Groups,Frontier Benchmarking and Performance Differences: Evidence from the UK Retail Grocery Industry*

ABSTRACT In this paper we seek to advance the theory and practice of strategic group theory by means of powerful benchmarking tools that allow the composition of strategic groups on the basis of empirically derived production function frontiers. The relative performance of firms is assessed based on multiple inputs and outputs and as a result, firms are associated with different segments of the efficient frontiers. These segments constitute strategic facets and are used in the current paper as strategic group variables. The strategic facets are composed by outlier firms in the sense that they satisfy the Pareto dominance criterion when compared with other firms. Such advancement offers significant advantages compared to the ‘average’ firm that is used traditionally as a basis to define strategic groups. The proposed methodology for the formation of strategic groups has been applied on a panel of data from the grocery industry in the UK in the period 1987–93. The results of the study confirmed the existence of three stable strategic groups and one with a more volatile membership. Performance differences were also identifiled both between and within strategic groups using as criteria traditional accounting methods and also the relative efficiency indices obtained from the benchmarking methodology applied to the panel of data.     

Strategic Ownership Positions in U.S. Industry and Banking

A bstract . Strategic ownership position in corporation do not necessarily imply "control" but rather participation in corporate decision making. Strategic positions in the nation's 500 largest industrial corporations and 153 largest financial institutions are described and classified. Types of owners include banks and employee stock plans, financial bolding firms, insurance companies, families and individuals, pension funds , and foreign owners. Results indicate that families continue to hold significant strategic positions in industry (28.5%) and banking (20.4%). These results have certain implications for the theory of "managerialism."     

Pecking Order Behavior in Emerging Markets*

This paper examines the validity of the pecking order hypothesis in 23 emerging market countries. Emerging market countries would appear to be an ideal setting for the pecking order hypothesis to hold because of the presence of strong asymmetric information issues and agency costs. We observe, however, little support for the pecking order hypothesis as the primary financing theory for all emerging market firms. Firms in these countries finance their deficit mainly with equity, the opposite of what would be expected under this hypothesis. However, we do find support for the pecking order for firms in emerging market countries that suffer the most from either asymmetric information issues and/or agency costs. Our findings are consistent with the idea that the environment the firm operates in influences the financial decisions the firm makes.     

Institutional Reforms and Investor Reactions to CSR Announcements: Evidence from an Emerging Economy

This study contributes to the limited established empirical research on the impact and relevance of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in the capital markets of emerging economies. We conducted an event study to demonstrate how the timing of CSR announcements by firms that have aligned their strategies to newly instituted social regulations in South Africa influenced stock prices. Using a unique dataset of publicly listed South African enterprises that undertook CSR initiatives during the ten year period from 1996 to 2005, we found that investor reactions to CSR announcements concluded during the late phase of institutional reforms are viewed positively by investors. Furthermore, CSR announcements of substantive monetary value result in significantly higher shareholder returns.     

Green Product Development and Product Portfolio Management: Empirical Evidence from an Emerging Economy

Few studies have explored the relationship between green products development (GPD) and product portfolio management (PPM). When considering evidence from emerging economies, the knowledge gap is even deeper. Consequently, the objective of this work is to analyze how green and traditional practices of new product development (NPD) influence product portfolio and NPD performance. In addition, we explore how GPD opens new markets and technology opportunities. The empirical evidence is based on a sample of firms that are developing products and belong to innovative industrial sectors in Brazil. In general, the framework developed and tested in this research indicates the following: (i) the adoption of GPD practices significantly influences product portfolio performance; (ii) the adoption of GPD practices tends to generate positive results with regard to obtaining technological and market opportunities; (iii) the adoption of traditional PPM practices influences the dependent factors. Unexpectedly, correlations between a firm's size or age and its performance were not confirmed. This is the first empirical evidence relating GPD, PPM, and market and technology opportunities in Brazil. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment     

泰州战略性新兴产业发展SWOT分析

发展战略性新兴产业是推动产业结构升级,加速经济健康发展的关键。本文运用SWOT分析方法,对泰州新兴产业所拥有的优势、劣势、以及所面临的外部机遇和威胁进行分析,就如何在现有的资源条件和产业基础下进一步培育和发展战略性新兴产业,促进产业转型升级、实现跨越发展,提出对策与建议,为泰州在战略性新兴产业发展中,获取竞争性优势提供参考。     

战略性新兴产业发展评价体系研究

本研究回顾并总结国内战略性新兴产业的研究情况的基础上,运用熵值法这一客观的指标赋权法,并结合质性分析方法对战略性新兴产业发展的评价体系进行了构建和分析,最后给出相应的建议。     

南京市战略性新兴产业发展现状及对策建议

随着新科技革命和产业变革的孕育兴起,一些势必在未来全球竞争体系中占据核心地位的战略性新兴产业日渐显现,为南京发展带来历史性重大战略机遇。本文从规模、技术水平、产业空间布局、前瞻性产业布局等角度分析了南京市发展战略性新兴产业的基础和优势,并从企业创新、市场技术、成果转化等角度分析了南京市发展战略性新兴产业急需突破的瓶颈。并从政府前瞻性规划、商业模式创新、市场机制发挥、科技体制改革和人才国际化五个方面提出具体建议。     

国有经济的战略性调整与改组

本文立足于基础材料分析 ,明确了国有经济在固定资产投资、城镇从业人员数量和财政收入贡献等基本经济层面上仍处于主体地位。但处于粗放经营、低效运行状态。因此 ,对国有经济实施战略性调整与改组 ,是最紧迫的任务。收缩国有经济过长的战线、调整不合理的布局和结构最重要、最核心的内容应是调整国有经济应有的作用与功能、改革已不适应社会主义市场经济发展的经营管理体制。在新的形势下 ,探索国有经济的最佳实现形式 ,应是对国有经济实施战略性调整与改组的基本战略指向。     

Strategic Groups and Inter-Firm Networks In International High-Tech Industries

Strategic partnering and the analysis of strategic groups are two issues which enjoy a growing interest from industrial economists as well as from strategic management scholars. This contribution focuses on two related topics in the discussion on strategic group formation. the first subject addresses the relevance of strategic groups for understanding industry heterogeneity. the other topic covers the question whether companies from particular strategic groups establish strategic links with each other, or whether intra-group rivalry leads to inter-firm cooperation across strategic groups. Although it appears neglected in the literature the possible linking of the analysis of strategic groups with corporate network studies could generate further understanding of the process of strategic group formation. the present contribution focuses on the international information technology industry in order to study the possible symmetry of the structure of strategic group formation and parallel inter-firm networks of strategic partnering empirically.     

How Strategic Groups Act Competitively Within and Across Markets

Our study analyzes rivalry within and across markets of size‐defined strategic groups in the banking industry. We consider that, owing to group‐level effects, like efficiency and funding, the degree of rivalry of size‐defined strategic groups depends on whether the competitor is acting in the same or in a different market and whether the competing firms are within the same strategic group or in different groups. We estimate the effect of group interactions within and across loans and deposits markets on firm performance in the Spanish banking industry. We find evidences of rivalry as described in our hypotheses. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Does the Natural‐Resource‐Based View of the Firm Apply in an Emerging Economy? A Survey of Foreign Invested Enterprises in China*

abstract This study explores whether enterprises operating in China benefit from the practice of the tenets of the natural‐resource‐based view of the firm (NRVF). To this end, a conceptual model is proposed that depicts the major determinants and consequences of the practice of NRVF. By and large, the survey data collected from foreign invested enterprises (FIEs) in China confirm the validity of the proposed model, and suggest that the NRVF is applicable in the world's largest and fastest‐growing emerging economy. These results remind FIEs in China of the opportunities to enhance corporate environmental and financial performance through the adoption of environmental strategies. Various regression and multi‐group analyses conducted in this study further reveal significant moderating influences of perceived environmental uncertainties, operating mode, and firm size on the process of achieving company‐wide ecological sustainability.     

石油企业低碳经济战略转型研究

在简要介绍了低碳经济的概念和内涵的基础上,指出实施低碳经济战略是石油企业未来发展的必然选择。结合低碳经济的要求和国内外形势,利用SWOT分析方法,从多方面阐述了石油企业低碳经济战略转型的优势和劣势,认为石油企业既要善于抓住低碳经济发展的战略机遇,也要迎接多方面的挑战。最后,提出了石油企业低碳经济战略转型的途径。     

广西发展绿色经济战略重点与对策

广西发展绿色经济取得重大成效。但广西发展绿色经济仍然存在不少问题。针对存在的问题,提出发展绿色经济重点目标和重点战略:生态产业化;产业生态化;发展循环经济;实施科技创新;加快互联网+和智慧化发展。采取有针对性的对策措施:强化科技创新与人才培养,提升技术支撑能力;多渠道筹集发展资金,加大资金支持力度;建立健全生态保护市场体系,推进生态建设环境治理市场化;建立健全考评机制,强化发展绿色经济的主体责任;提高绿色认识,树立绿色理念。